The Twelve Huntsmen
by Andrew Lang · from The Green Fairy Book
Original Story
THE TWELVE HUNTSMEN
Once upon a time there was a King's son who was engaged to a Princess
whom he dearly loved. One day as he sat by her side feeling very happy,
he received news that his father was lying at the point of death, and
desired to see him before his end. So he said to his love: 'Alas! I must
go off and leave you, but take this ring and wear it as a remembrance of
me, and when I am King I will return and fetch you home.'
Then he rode off, and when he reached his father he found him mortally
ill and very near death.
The King said: 'Dearest son, I have desired to see you again before my
end. Promise me, I beg of you, that you will marry according to my
wishes'; and he then named the daughter of a neighbouring King who he
was anxious should be his son's wife. The Prince was so overwhelmed with
grief that he could think of nothing but his father, and exclaimed:
'Yes, yes, dear father, whatever you desire shall be done.' Thereupon
the King closed his eyes and died.
After the Prince had been proclaimed King, and the usual time of
mourning had elapsed, he felt that he must keep the promise he had made
to his father, so he sent to ask for the hand of the King's daughter,
which was granted to him at once.
Now, his first love heard of this, and the thought of her lover's
desertion grieved her so sadly that she pined away and nearly died. Her
father said to her: 'My dearest child, why are you so unhappy? If there
is anything you wish for, say so, and you shall have it.'
His daughter reflected for a moment, and then said: 'Dear father, I wish
for eleven girls as nearly as possible of the same height, age, and
appearance as myself.'
Said the King: 'If the thing is possible your wish shall be fulfilled';
and he had his kingdom searched till he found eleven maidens of the same
height, size, and appearance as his daughter.
Then the Princess desired twelve complete huntsmen's suits to be made,
all exactly alike, and the eleven maidens had to dress themselves in
eleven of the suits, while she herself put on the twelfth. After this
she took leave of her father, and rode off with her girls to the court
of her former lover.
Here she enquired whether the King did not want some huntsmen, and if he
would not take them all into his service. The King saw her but did not
recognise her, and as he thought them very good-looking young people, he
said, 'Yes, he would gladly engage them all.' So they became the twelve
royal huntsmen.
Now, the King had a most remarkable Lion, for it knew every hidden or
secret thing.
One evening the Lion said to the King: 'So you think you have got twelve
huntsmen, do you?'
'Yes, certainly,' said the King, 'they are twelve huntsmen.'
'There you are mistaken,' said the Lion; 'they are twelve maidens.'
'That cannot possibly be,' replied the King; 'how do you mean to prove
that?'
'Just have a number of peas strewed over the floor of your
ante-chamber,' said the Lion, 'and you will soon see. Men have a strong,
firm tread, so that if they happen to walk over peas not one will stir,
but girls trip, and slip, and slide, so that the peas roll all about.'
The King was pleased with the Lion's advice, and ordered the peas to be
strewn in his ante-room.
Fortunately one of the King's servants had become very partial to the
young huntsmen, and hearing of the trial they were to be put to, he went
to them and said: 'The Lion wants to persuade the King that you are only
girls'; and then told them all the plot.
The King's daughter thanked him for the hint, and after he was gone she
said to her maidens: 'Now make every effort to tread firmly on the
peas.'
Next morning, when the King sent for his twelve huntsmen, and they
passed through the ante-room which was plentifully strewn with peas,
they trod so firmly and walked with such a steady, strong step that not
a single pea rolled away or even so much as stirred. After they were
gone the King said to the Lion: 'There now--you have been telling
lies--you see yourself they walk like men.'
'Because they knew they were being put to the test,' answered the Lion;
'and so they made an effort; but just have a dozen spinning-wheels
placed in the ante-room. When they pass through you'll see how pleased
they will be, quite unlike any man.'
[Illustration]
The King was pleased with the advice, and desired twelve
spinning-wheels to be placed in his ante-chamber.
But the good-natured servant went to the huntsmen and told them all
about this fresh plot. Then, as soon as the King's daughter was alone
with her maidens, she exclaimed: 'Now, pray make a great effort and
don't even look at those spinning-wheels.'
When the King sent for his twelve huntsmen next morning they walked
through the ante-room without even casting a glance at the
spinning-wheels.'
Then the King said once more to the Lion: 'You have deceived me again;
they are men, for they never once looked at the spinning-wheels.'
The Lion replied: 'They knew they were being tried, and they did
violence to their feelings.' But the King declined to believe in the
Lion any longer.
So the twelve huntsmen continued to follow the King, and he grew daily
fonder of them. One day whilst they were all out hunting it so happened
that news was brought that the King's intended bride was on her way and
might soon be expected. When the true bride heard of this she felt as
though a knife had pierced her heart, and she fell fainting to the
ground. The King, fearing something had happened to his dear huntsman,
ran up to help, and began drawing off his gloves. Then he saw the ring
which he had given to his first love, and as he gazed into her face he
knew her again, and his heart was so touched that he kissed her, and as
she opened her eyes, he cried: 'I am thine and thou art mine, and no
power on earth can alter that.'
To the other Princess he despatched a messenger to beg her to return to
her own kingdom with all speed. 'For,' said he, 'I have got a wife, and
he who finds an old key again does not require a new one.'
Thereupon the wedding was celebrated with great pomp, and the Lion was
restored to the royal favour, for after all he had told the truth.
Grimm.
Story DNA
Moral
True love, once pledged, should be honored above all other obligations.
Plot Summary
A Prince, bound by a deathbed promise to his father, prepares to marry a Princess he doesn't love, abandoning his true love. Heartbroken, his first love disguises herself and eleven maidens as huntsmen, joining his royal service. A magical Lion suspects their true gender and devises two tests, which the disguised Princess and her companions cleverly pass. Eventually, the King recognizes his true love by a ring he gave her, leading him to break off the arranged marriage and marry her instead, restoring the Lion to favor for speaking the truth.
Themes
Emotional Arc
betrayal to reunion
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
Collected by the Brothers Grimm, reflecting European folklore traditions where royal succession and marriage alliances were central themes.
Plot Beats (13)
- A Prince is engaged to a Princess he loves, but must leave her to see his dying father.
- The Prince's father, on his deathbed, makes him promise to marry another King's daughter.
- The Prince, now King, honors his promise and sends for the other Princess's hand.
- The first Princess, heartbroken, asks her father for eleven maidens like herself and twelve huntsmen's suits.
- Disguised as huntsmen, the Princess and her maidens enter the King's service, unrecognized by him.
- The King's magical Lion suspects the huntsmen are women and suggests a test: strewing peas on the floor.
- A sympathetic servant warns the huntsmen, who then tread firmly over the peas, passing the test.
- The Lion suggests a second test: placing spinning wheels in the antechamber.
- The servant warns the huntsmen again, and they ignore the spinning wheels, passing the second test.
- The King, convinced the Lion is wrong, grows fond of his huntsmen.
- News arrives that the King's intended bride is approaching, causing the disguised Princess to faint.
- The King removes her glove to help, sees the ring he gave her, and recognizes her.
- The King declares his love for her, sends away the other Princess, and marries his true love.
Characters
King's son
Good-looking, but otherwise not described
Attire: Princely attire, hunting clothes when with the huntsmen
Duty-bound, easily swayed, ultimately loving and loyal
Princess (first love)
Same height, age, and appearance as her eleven companions
Attire: Huntsman's suit (one of twelve identical)
Resourceful, determined, heartbroken but resilient
King (father of King's son)
Weak and dying
Attire: Royal robes, bedclothes
Demanding, concerned with dynastic alliances
Lion
Remarkable, knows every hidden or secret thing
Wise, perceptive, truthful
Princess (intended bride)
Not described
Attire: Royal attire
Not shown
Good-natured servant
Not described
Attire: Servant's clothing
Helpful, kind, loyal
Locations
Princess's Chamber
A comfortable room where the Prince and Princess sit together, filled with happiness before bad news arrives.
Mood: Initially joyful and loving, then filled with sorrow and despair.
The Prince receives news of his father's illness and gives the Princess a ring as a token of his love.
King's Deathbed Chamber
A somber room where the old King lies dying, filled with heavy air and the weight of his impending death.
Mood: Grief-stricken, heavy, and filled with a sense of duty.
The Prince promises his dying father to marry the neighboring King's daughter.
Royal Ante-Chamber
A large room outside the King's main chamber, used for testing the huntsmen's true identities.
Mood: Suspenseful, filled with trickery and hidden intentions.
The King attempts to reveal the huntsmen's true identities using the peas and spinning wheels.
Hunting Grounds
A forest or field where the King and his huntsmen pursue game.
Mood: Outdoors, active, and filled with the thrill of the hunt.
The King discovers the true identity of his huntsman when the Princess faints and he sees the ring.