The Three Dwarfs
by Andrew Lang · from The Red Fairy Book
Original Story
THE THREE DWARFS
There was once upon a time a man who lost his wife, and a woman who
lost her husband; and the man had a daughter and so had the woman. The
two girls were great friends and used often to play together. One day
the woman turned to the man’s daughter and said:
‘Go and tell your father that I will marry him, and then you shall wash
in milk and drink wine, but my own daughter shall wash in water and
drink it too.’
The girl went straight home and told her father what the woman had
said.
‘What am I to do?’ he answered. ‘Marriage is either a success or it is
a failure.’
At last, being of an undecided character and not being able to make up
his mind, he took off his boot, and handing it to his daughter, said:
‘Take this boot which has a hole in the sole, hang it up on a nail in
the hayloft, and pour water into it. If it holds water I will marry
again, but if it doesn’t I won’t.’ The girl did as she was bid, but the
water drew the hole together and the boot filled up to the very top. So
she went and told her father the result. He got up and went to see for
himself, and when he saw that it was true and no mistake, he accepted
his fate, proposed to the widow, and they were married at once.
On the morning after the wedding, when the two girls awoke, milk was
standing for the man’s daughter to wash in and wine for her to drink;
but for the woman’s daughter, only water to wash in and only water to
drink. On the second morning, water to wash in and water to drink was
standing for the man’s daughter as well. And on the third morning,
water to wash in and water to drink was standing for the man’s
daughter, and milk to wash in and wine to drink for the woman’s
daughter; and so it continued ever after. The woman hated her
stepdaughter from the bottom of her heart, and did all she could to
make her life miserable. She was as jealous as she could possibly be,
because the girl was so beautiful and charming, while her own daughter
was both ugly and repulsive.
One winter’s day when there was a hard frost, and mountain and valley
were covered with snow, the woman made a dress of paper, and calling
the girl to her said:
‘There, put on this dress and go out into the wood and fetch me a
basket of strawberries!’
‘Now Heaven help us,’ replied her stepdaughter; ‘strawberries don’t
grow in winter; the earth is all frozen and the snow has covered up
everything; and why send me in a paper dress? it is so cold outside
that one’s very breath freezes; the wind will whistle through my dress,
and the brambles tear it from my body.’
‘How dare you contradict me!’ said her stepmother; ‘be off with you at
once, and don’t show your face again till you have filled the basket
with strawberries.’
Then she gave her a hard crust of bread, saying:
‘That will be enough for you to-day,’ and she thought to herself: ‘The
girl will certainly perish of hunger and cold outside, and I shan’t be
bothered with her any more.’
The girl was so obedient that she put on the paper dress and set out
with her little basket. There was nothing but snow far and near, and
not a green blade of grass to be seen anywhere. When she came to the
wood she saw a little house, and out of it peeped three little dwarfs.
She wished them good-day, and knocked modestly at the door. They called
out to her to enter, so she stepped in and sat down on a seat by the
fire, wishing to warm herself and eat her breakfast. The Dwarfs said at
once: ‘Give us some of your food!’
‘Gladly,’ she said, and breaking her crust in two, she gave them the
half.
Then they asked her what she was doing in the depths of winter in her
thin dress.
‘Oh,’ she answered, ‘I have been sent to get a basketful of
strawberries, and I daren’t show my face again at home till I bring
them with me.’
When she had finished her bread they gave her a broom and told her to
sweep away the snow from the back door. As soon as she left the room to
do so, the three little men consulted what they should give her as a
reward for being so sweet and good, and for sharing her last crust with
them.
The first said: ‘Every day she shall grow prettier.’
The second: ‘Every time she opens her mouth a piece of gold shall fall
out.’
And the third: ‘A King shall come and marry her.’
The girl in the meantime was doing as the Dwarfs had bidden her, and
was sweeping the snow away from the back door, and what do you think
she found there?—heaps of fine ripe strawberries that showed out dark
red against the white snow. She joyfully picked enough to fill her
basket, thanked the little men for their kindness, shook hands with
them, and ran home to bring her stepmother what she had asked for. When
she walked in and said; Good evening,’ a piece of gold fell out of her
mouth. Then she told what had happened to her in the wood, and at every
word pieces of gold dropped from her mouth, so that the room was soon
covered with them.
‘She’s surely more money than wit to throw gold about like that,’ said
her stepsister, but in her secret heart she was very jealous, and
determined that she too would go to the wood and look for strawberries.
But her mother refused to let her go, saying:
‘My dear child, it is far too cold; you might freeze to death.’
The girl however left her no peace, so she was forced at last to give
in, but she insisted on her putting on a beautiful fur cloak, and she
gave her bread and butter and cakes to eat on the way.
The girl went straight to the little house in the wood, and as before
the three little men were looking out of the window. She took no notice
of them, and without as much as ‘By your leave,’ or ‘With your leave,’
she flounced into the room, sat herself down at the fire, and began to
eat her bread and butter and cakes.
‘Give us some,’ cried the Dwarfs.
But she answered: ‘No, I won’t, it’s hardly enough for myself; so catch
me giving you any.’
When she had finished eating they said:
‘There’s a broom for you, go and clear up our back door.’
‘I’ll see myself further,’ she answered rudely. ‘Do it yourselves; I’m
not your servant.’
When she saw that they did not mean to give her anything, she left the
house in no amiable frame of mind. Then the three little men consulted
what they should do to her, because she was so bad and had such an
evil, covetous heart, that she grudged everybody their good fortune.
The first said: ‘She shall grow uglier every day.’
The second: ‘Every time she speaks a toad shall jump out of her mouth.’
And the third: ‘She shall die a most miserable death.’
The girl searched for strawberries, but she found none, and returned
home in a very bad temper. When she opened her mouth to tell her mother
what had befallen her in the wood, a toad jumped out, so that everyone
was quite disgusted with her.
Then the stepmother was more furious than ever, and did nothing but
plot mischief against the man’s daughter, who was daily growing more
and more beautiful. At last, one day the wicked woman took a large pot,
put it on the fire and boiled some yarn in it. When it was well scalded
she hung it round the poor girl’s shoulder, and giving her an axe, she
bade her break a hole in the frozen river, and rinse the yarn in it.
Her stepdaughter obeyed as usual, and went and broke a hole in the ice.
When she was in the act of wringing out the yarn a magnificent carriage
passed, and the King sat inside. The carriage stood still, and the King
asked her:
‘My child, who are you, and what in the wide world are you doing here?’
‘I am only a poor girl,’ she answered, ‘and am rinsing out my yarn in
the river.’ Then the King was sorry for her, and when he saw how
beautiful she was he said:
‘Will you come away with me?’
‘Most gladly,’ she replied, for she knew how willingly she would leave
her stepmother and sister, and how glad they would be to be rid of her.
So she stepped into the carriage and drove away with the King, and when
they reached his palace the wedding was celebrated with much splendour.
So all turned out just as the three little Dwarfs had said. After a
year the Queen gave birth to a little son. When her stepmother heard of
her good fortune she came to the palace with her daughter by way of
paying a call, and took up her abode there. Now one day, when the King
was out and nobody else near, the bad woman took the Queen by her head,
and the daughter took her by her heels, and they dragged her from her
bed, and flung her out of the window into the stream which flowed
beneath it. Then the stepmother laid her ugly daughter in the Queen’s
place, and covered her up with the clothes, so that nothing of her was
seen. When the King came home and wished to speak to his wife the woman
called out:
‘Quietly, quietly! this will never do; your wife is very ill, you must
let her rest all to-day.’ The King suspected no evil, and didn’t come
again till next morning. When he spoke to his wife and she answered
him, instead of the usual piece of gold a toad jumped out of her mouth.
Then he asked what it meant, and the old woman told him it was nothing
but weakness, and that she would soon be all right again.
But that same evening the scullion noticed a duck swimming up the
gutter, saying as it passed:
‘What does the King, I pray you tell,
Is he awake or sleeps he well?’
and receiving no reply, it continued:
‘And all my guests, are they asleep?’
and the Scullion answered:
‘Yes, one and all they slumber deep.’
Then the Duck went on:
‘And what about my baby dear?’
and he answered:
‘Oh, it sleeps soundly, never fear.’
Then the Duck assumed the Queen’s shape, went up to the child’s room,
tucked him up comfortably in his cradle, and then swam back down the
gutter again, in the likeness of a Duck. This was repeated for two
nights, and on the third the Duck said to the Scullion:
‘Go and tell the King to swing his sword three times over me on the
threshold.’
The Scullion did as the creature bade him, and the King came with his
sword and swung it three times over the bird, and lo and behold! his
wife stood before him once more, alive, and as blooming as ever.
The King rejoiced greatly, but he kept the Queen in hiding till the
Sunday on which the child was to be christened. After the christening
he said:
‘What punishment does that person deserve who drags another out of bed,
and throws him or her, as the case may be, into the water?’
Then the wicked old stepmother answered:
‘No better fate than to be put into a barrel lined with sharp nails,
and to be rolled in it down the hill into the water.’
‘You have pronounced your own doom,’ said the King; and he ordered a
barrel to be made lined with sharp nails, and in it he put the bad old
woman and her daughter. Then it was fastened down securely, and the
barrel was rolled down the hill till it fell into the river.[19]
[19] Grimm.
Story DNA
Moral
Kindness and virtue are rewarded, while malice and cruelty lead to ruin.
Plot Summary
A kind stepdaughter is cruelly mistreated by her wicked stepmother and stepsister. Sent on an impossible task, she encounters three benevolent dwarfs who bless her with beauty, gold-speaking, and a royal marriage. Her jealous stepsister, attempting the same, is cursed with ugliness and toad-speaking. After marrying a King, the Queen is thrown into a river by her stepfamily and replaced, but transforms into a duck to visit her child. The King discovers the truth, restores his wife, and the stepmother and stepsister are justly punished with a brutal death.
Themes
Emotional Arc
suffering to triumph
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
This tale, collected by the Brothers Grimm, reflects common European folklore motifs of wicked stepmothers, magical helpers, and poetic justice, often with brutal punishments for villains.
Plot Beats (16)
- A widower and a widow marry; the widow promises the widower's daughter milk and wine, but gives her own daughter water.
- The stepmother's promise reverses, and she begins to mistreat the beautiful stepdaughter, favoring her own ugly daughter.
- The stepmother sends the stepdaughter into a winter forest in a paper dress to find strawberries, hoping she dies.
- The stepdaughter finds a house with three dwarfs, shares her meager bread, and kindly explains her plight.
- The dwarfs reward her kindness: she will grow prettier daily, speak gold, and marry a king; she finds strawberries after sweeping snow.
- The stepdaughter returns home, and gold falls from her mouth as she speaks, infuriating her stepsister and stepmother.
- The stepsister, jealous, demands to go to the dwarfs; she is rude, selfish, and refuses to help them.
- The dwarfs curse the stepsister: she will grow uglier daily, speak toads, and die miserably.
- The stepsister returns home, and toads fall from her mouth, disgusting everyone.
- The stepmother, still plotting, sends the stepdaughter to rinse yarn in a frozen river, where a King sees her and marries her.
- The Queen gives birth to a son; the stepmother and stepsister visit, throw the Queen into the river, and replace her with the stepsister.
- The Queen, transformed into a duck, visits her baby and speaks to a scullion for two nights.
- On the third night, the duck tells the scullion to have the King swing his sword three times over her on the threshold.
- The King does so, and his wife is restored; he hides her until the christening.
- At the christening, the King asks for a punishment for those who throw people into water; the stepmother suggests a barrel of nails rolled down a hill.
- The King orders the stepmother and stepsister to be placed in the barrel and rolled into the river, fulfilling their curses.
Characters
The Father
Not described, but assumed to be a working man.
Attire: Simple, functional clothing appropriate for a widower in a rural setting.
Indecisive, easily influenced.
The Stepmother
Not described, but implied to be less attractive than the stepdaughter.
Attire: Practical but perhaps slightly finer clothing than the stepdaughter's, reflecting her status.
Jealous, cruel, manipulative.
The Stepdaughter
Beautiful and charming.
Attire: Initially, a paper dress; later, royal gowns.
Obedient, kind, patient.
The Stepsister
Ugly and repulsive.
Attire: A fur cloak; generally finer clothing than the stepdaughter.
Jealous, rude, covetous.
The Three Dwarfs
Small in stature.
Attire: Traditional dwarf attire - small caps, tunics, and boots.
Generous, wise, magical.
The King
Not described, but assumed to be regal and handsome.
Attire: Royal attire befitting his status.
Kind, just, easily deceived initially.
The Duck
A common duck.
Attire: Natural duck plumage.
Persistent, maternal, magical.
Locations
Hayloft
A hayloft with a nail to hang a boot
Mood: uncertain, fateful
The father tests his fate to decide whether to remarry.
Snowy Woods with Dwarf House
A winter forest, mountains and valleys covered in snow, with a small house where three dwarfs live.
Mood: cold, desolate, magical
The stepdaughter encounters the dwarfs and is rewarded for her kindness; the stepsister is punished for her rudeness.
Back Door of Dwarf House
The area immediately outside the back door of the dwarfs' house, covered in snow.
Mood: magical, rewarding
The kind stepdaughter discovers strawberries as a reward for her kindness.
Frozen River
A frozen river with a hole broken in the ice.
Mood: cold, desolate, fateful
The stepdaughter is discovered by the King.
Palace Stream
A stream flowing beneath the Queen's window in the palace.
Mood: eerie, magical
The Queen is thrown from the window; the duck visits the baby.