Menu

The twelve brothers

by Andrew Lang

The twelve brothers

THE TWELVE BROTHERS There were once upon a time a King and a Queen who lived happily together, and they had twelve children, all of whom were boys. One day the King said to his wife: ‘If our thirteenth child is a girl, all her twelve brothers must die, so that she may be very rich and the kingdom hers alone.’ Then he ordered twelve coffins to be made, and filled them with shavings, and placed a little pillow in each. These he put away in an empty room, and, giving the key to his wife, he bade her tell no one of it. The Queen grieved over the sad fate of her sons and refused to be comforted, so much so that the youngest boy, who was always with her, and whom she had christened Benjamin, said to her one day: ‘Dear mother, why are you so sad?’ ‘My child,’ she answered, ‘I may not tell you the reason.’ But he left her no peace, till she went and unlocked the room and showed him the twelve coffins filled with shavings, and with the little pillow laid in each. Then she said: ‘My dearest Benjamin, your father has had these coffins made for you and your eleven brothers, because if I bring a girl into the world you are all to be killed and buried in them.’ She wept bitterly as she spoke, but her son comforted her and said: ‘Don’t cry, dear mother; we’ll manage to escape somehow, and will fly for our lives.’ ‘Yes,’ replied his mother, ‘that is what you must do—go with your eleven brothers out into the wood, and let one of you always sit on the highest tree you can find, keeping watch on the tower of the castle. If I give birth to a little son I will wave a white flag, and then you may safely return; but if I give birth to a little daughter I will wave a red flag, which will warn you to fly away as quickly as you can, and may the kind Heaven have pity on you. Every night I will get up and pray for you, in winter that you may always have a fire to warm yourselves by, and in summer that you may not languish in the heat.’ Then she blessed her sons and they set out into the wood. They found a very high oak tree, and there they sat, turn about, keeping their eyes always fixed on the castle tower. On the twelfth day, when the turn came to Benjamin, he noticed a flag waving in the air, but alas! it was not white, but blood red, the sign which told them they must all die. When the brothers heard this they were very angry, and said: ‘Shall we forsooth suffer death for the sake of a wretched girl? Let us swear vengeance, and vow that wherever and whenever we shall meet one of her sex, she shall die at our hands.’ Then they went their way deeper into the wood, and in the middle of it, where it was thickest and darkest, they came upon a little enchanted house which stood empty. ‘Here,’ they said, ‘let us take up our abode, and you, Benjamin, you are the youngest and weakest, you shall stay at home and keep house for us; we others will go out and fetch food.’ So they went forth into the wood, and shot hares and roe-deer, birds and wood-pigeons, and any other game they came across. They always brought their spoils home to Benjamin, who soon learnt to make them into dainty dishes. So they lived for ten years in this little house, and the time slipped merrily away. In the meantime their little sister at home was growing up quickly. She was kind-hearted and of a fair countenance, and she had a gold star right in the middle of her forehead. One day a big washing was going on at the palace, and the girl looking down from her window saw twelve men’s shirts hanging up to dry, and asked her mother: ‘Who in the world do these shirts belong to? Surely they are far too small for my father?’ And the Queen answered sadly: ‘Dear child, they belong to your twelve brothers.’ ‘But where are my twelve brothers?’ said the girl. ‘I have never even heard of them.’ ‘Heaven alone knows in what part of the wide world they are wandering,’ replied her mother. Then she took the girl and opened the locked-up room; she showed her the twelve coffins filled with shavings, and with the little pillow laid in each. ‘These coffins,’ she said, ‘were intended for your brothers, but they stole secretly away before you were born.’ Then she proceeded to tell her all that had happened, and when she had finished her daughter said: ‘Do not cry, dearest mother; I will go and seek my brothers till I find them.’ So she took the twelve shirts and went on straight into the middle of the big wood. She walked all day long, and came in the evening to the little enchanted house. She stepped in and found a youth who, marvelling at her beauty, at the royal robes she wore, and at the golden star on her forehead, asked her where she came from and whither she was going. ‘I am a Princess,’ she answered, ‘and am seeking for my twelve brothers. I mean to wander as far as the blue sky stretches over the earth till I find them.’ Then she showed him the twelve shirts which she had taken with her, and Benjamin saw that it must be his sister, and said: ‘I am Benjamin, your youngest brother.’ So they wept for joy, and kissed and hugged each other again and again. After a time Benjamin said: ‘Dear sister, there is still a little difficulty, for we had all agreed that any girl we met should die at our hands, because it was for the sake of a girl that we had to leave our kingdom.’ ‘But,’ she replied, ‘I will gladly die if by that means I can restore my twelve brothers to their own.’ ‘No,’ he answered, ‘there is no need for that; only go and hide under that tub till our eleven brothers come in, and I’ll soon make matters right with them.’ She did as she was bid, and soon the others came home from the chase and sat down to supper. ‘Well, Benjamin, what’s the news?’ they asked. But he replied, ‘I like that; have you nothing to tell me?’ ‘No,’ they answered. Then he said: ‘Well, now, you’ve been out in the wood all the day and I’ve stayed quietly at home, and all the same I know more than you do.’ ‘Then tell us,’ they cried. But he answered: ‘Only on condition that you promise faithfully that the first girl we meet shall not be killed.’ ‘She shall be spared,’ they promised, ‘only tell us the news.’ Then Benjamin said: ‘Our sister is here!’ and he lifted up the tub and the Princess stepped forward, with her royal robes and with the golden star on her forehead, looking so lovely and sweet and charming that they all fell in love with her on the spot. They arranged that she should stay at home with Benjamin and help him in the house work, while the rest of the brothers went out into the wood and shot hares and roe-deer, birds and wood-pigeons. And Benjamin and his sister cooked their meals for them. She gathered herbs to cook the vegetables in, fetched the wood, and watched the pots on the fire, and always when her eleven brothers returned she had their supper ready for them. Besides this, she kept the house in order, tidied all the rooms, and made herself so generally useful that her brothers were delighted, and they all lived happily together. One day the two at home prepared a fine feast, and when they were all assembled they sat down and ate and drank and made merry. Now there was a little garden round the enchanted house, in which grew twelve tall lilies. The girl, wishing to please her brothers, plucked the twelve flowers, meaning to present one to each of them as they sat at supper. But hardly had she plucked the flowers when her brothers were turned into twelve ravens, who flew croaking over the wood, and the house and garden vanished also. So the poor girl found herself left all alone in the wood, and as she looked round her she noticed an old woman standing close beside her, who said: ‘My child, what have you done? Why didn’t you leave the flowers alone? They were your twelve brothers. Now they are changed for ever into ravens.’ The girl asked, sobbing: ‘Is there no means of setting them free?’ ‘No,’ said the old woman, ‘there is only one way in the whole world, and that is so difficult that you won’t free them by it, for you would have to be dumb and not laugh for seven years, and if you spoke a single word, though but an hour were wanting to the time, your silence would all have been in vain, and that one word would slay your brothers.’ Then the girl said to herself: ‘If that is all I am quite sure I can free my brothers.’ So she searched for a high tree, and when she had found one she climbed up it and spun all day long, never laughing or speaking one word. Now it happened one day that a King who was hunting in the wood had a large greyhound, who ran sniffing to the tree on which the girl sat, and jumped round it, yelping and barking furiously. The King’s attention was attracted, and when he looked up and beheld the beautiful Princess with the golden star on her forehead, he was so enchanted by her beauty that he asked her on the spot to be his wife. She gave no answer, but nodded slightly with her head. Then he climbed up the tree himself, lifted her down, put her on his horse and bore her home to his palace. The marriage was celebrated with much pomp and ceremony, but the bride neither spoke nor laughed. When they had lived a few years happily together, the King’s mother, who was a wicked old woman, began to slander the young Queen, and said to the King: ‘She is only a low-born beggar maid that you have married; who knows what mischief she is up to? If she is deaf and can’t speak, she might at least laugh; depend upon it, those who don’t laugh have a bad conscience.’ At first the King paid no heed to her words, but the old woman harped so long on the subject, and accused the young Queen of so many bad things, that at last he let himself be talked over, and condemned his beautiful wife to death. So a great fire was lit in the courtyard of the palace, where she was to be burnt, and the King watched the proceedings from an upper window, crying bitterly the while, for he still loved his wife dearly. But just as she had been bound to the stake, and the flames were licking her garments with their red tongues, the very last moment of the seven years had come. Then a sudden rushing sound was heard in the air, and twelve ravens were seen flying overhead. They swooped downwards, and as soon as they touched the ground they turned into her twelve brothers, and she knew that she had freed them. They quenched the flames and put out the fire, and, unbinding their dear sister from the stake, they kissed and hugged her again and again. And now that she was able to open her mouth and speak, she told the King why she had been dumb and not able to laugh. The King rejoiced greatly when he heard she was innocent, and they all lived happily ever afterwards.[22] [22] Grimm.

Moral of the Story

True love and unwavering sacrifice can overcome even the most dire curses and unjust accusations.


Characters 8 characters

The King ◆ supporting

human adult male

No specific details given.

Attire: Royal attire, crown, robes, and possibly armor.

Initially harsh and decisive, later easily swayed and regretful.

The Queen ◆ supporting

human adult female

No specific details given.

Attire: Royal gowns, jewelry, and other symbols of her position.

Loving, protective, and sorrowful.

Benjamin ◆ supporting

human child male

Youngest and weakest of the brothers.

Attire: Simple clothing suitable for a young boy in a royal family, later simple home-keeping clothes.

Loyal, resourceful, and protective of his sister.

The Twelve Brothers ◆ supporting

human young adult male

Strong and capable hunters.

Attire: Hunting clothes, simple tunics and trousers.

Initially vengeful, later loving and protective of their sister.

The Princess ★ protagonist

human young adult female

Fair countenance.

Attire: Royal robes, later simple clothing.

Brave, selfless, and determined.

The Old Woman ◆ supporting

human elderly female

No specific details given.

Attire: Simple, old-fashioned clothing.

Wise and helpful.

The King (Hunter) ◆ supporting

human adult male

No specific details given.

Attire: Hunting attire, royal garments.

Enchanted, easily influenced, and ultimately loving.

The King's Mother ⚔ antagonist

human elderly female

No specific details given.

Attire: Rich clothing, but perhaps slightly out of fashion.

Wicked, slanderous, and manipulative.

Locations 4 locations
Empty Room in the Castle

Empty Room in the Castle

indoor

A room filled with twelve coffins, each containing shavings and a small pillow.

Mood: eerie, foreboding

The Queen reveals the coffins to Benjamin, foreshadowing the brothers' fate.

twelve coffinsshavingspillowskey
Deep, Dark Wood

Deep, Dark Wood

outdoor

A dense forest, thickest and darkest in the middle.

Mood: desolate, dangerous

The brothers flee into the wood and later find the enchanted house.

treesundergrowthwild animals
Enchanted House in the Wood

Enchanted House in the Wood

indoor

A small, isolated house in the middle of the woods.

Mood: secluded, safe (initially), magical

The brothers live in seclusion, and the sister finds them here; the lilies are plucked, transforming the brothers.

hearthtablecooking potsgarden with lilies
Palace Courtyard

Palace Courtyard

outdoor afternoon

A courtyard with a large fire pit.

Mood: tense, dramatic

The Queen is about to be burned at the stake when her brothers are transformed back into humans.

firestakecrowdupper window

Story DNA fairy tale · solemn

Moral

True love and unwavering sacrifice can overcome even the most dire curses and unjust accusations.

Plot Summary

A King's decree to kill his twelve sons if his next child is a girl forces the brothers to flee into the woods, where they vow vengeance against all girls. Ten years later, their sister discovers their existence and sets out to find them, eventually living with them. She accidentally transforms them into ravens by plucking magical lilies, and is told she must remain silent for seven years to break the curse. A King finds and marries her, but his wicked mother slanders the silent Queen, leading to her condemnation. At the stake, the seven years conclude, her brothers return as men, save her, and she finally speaks, revealing the truth and leading to a happy reunion.

Themes

sacrificeloyaltyperseveranceinnocence accused

Emotional Arc

suffering to triumph

Writing Style

Voice: third person omniscient
Pacing: moderate
Descriptive: moderate
Techniques: rule of three (implicitly with 12 brothers, 7 years, etc.), direct address of character's internal thoughts

Narrative Elements

Conflict: person vs person (King vs sons, Queen Mother vs Queen, brothers vs sister initially), person vs fate (Princess vs curse)
Ending: happy
Magic: enchanted house, gold star on forehead (sign of royalty/specialness), transformation (brothers to ravens and back), magical lilies causing transformation, curse requiring silence
red flag (danger, death)white flag (safety, life)coffins (premeditated death)twelve shirts (identity, connection)gold star (innocence, royalty)lilies (beauty, but also a trigger for transformation)ravens (cursed state, freedom)

Cultural Context

Origin: German
Era: timeless fairy tale

This tale is a variant of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index type 451, 'The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers', often featuring brothers transformed into birds and a silent, suffering heroine. The motif of a wicked mother-in-law is common in European folklore.

Plot Beats (15)

  1. A King plans to kill his twelve sons if his thirteenth child is a girl, preparing coffins.
  2. The Queen, distraught, shows the coffins to her youngest son, Benjamin, who vows to escape.
  3. The Queen instructs her sons to watch for a flag: white for a boy, red for a girl.
  4. The brothers see a red flag, flee into the woods, and vow revenge against all girls.
  5. They find an enchanted house, and Benjamin stays home while the others hunt.
  6. Ten years later, their sister, with a gold star on her forehead, discovers the shirts and coffins, learning about her brothers.
  7. She sets out to find them, carrying their shirts, and arrives at the enchanted house.
  8. Benjamin recognizes her as his sister, but warns her of their vow; she hides.
  9. Benjamin negotiates with his brothers to spare the first girl they meet, then reveals their sister.
  10. The sister lives with her brothers, cooking and caring for them, making them happy.
  11. She plucks twelve lilies, accidentally transforming her brothers into ravens, and the house vanishes.
  12. An old woman tells her the only way to break the curse is seven years of silence and no laughter.
  13. A King finds the silent Princess, marries her, and she gives birth to children.
  14. The King's wicked mother slanders the Queen, leading to her condemnation to be burned at the stake.
  15. At the stake, at the very end of seven years, the twelve ravens arrive, transform back into brothers, save their sister, and she finally speaks, revealing the truth.

Related Stories