The Three Brothers
by Andrew Lang · from The Yellow Fairy Book
Original Story
three brothers, who were all determined to
kill the mischievous hawk. But in vain did the two eldest mount guard
in the church with their guns; as soon as the bird appeared high above
their heads, sleep overpowered them, and they only awoke to hear the
windows crashing in.
Then the youngest brother took his turn of guarding the windows, and
to prevent his being overcome by sleep he placed a lot of thorns under
his chin, so that if he felt drowsy and nodded his head, they would
prick him and keep him awake.
The moon was already risen, and it was as light as day, when suddenly
he heard a fearful noise, and at the same time a terrible desire to
sleep overpowered him.
His eyelids closed, and his head sank on his shoulders, but the thorns
ran into him and were so painful that he awoke at once. He saw the
hawk swooping down upon the church, and in a moment he had seized his
gun and shot at the bird. The hawk fell heavily under a big stone,
severely wounded in its right wing. The youth ran to look at it, and
saw that a huge abyss had opened below the stone. He went at once to
fetch his brothers, and with their help dragged a lot of pine-wood and
ropes to the spot. They fastened some of the burning pine-wood to the
end of the rope, and let it slowly down to the bottom of the abyss. At
first it was quite dark, and the flaming torch only lit up dirty grey
stone walls. But the youngest brother determined to explore the abyss,
and letting himself down by the rope he soon reached the bottom. Here
he found a lovely meadow full of green trees and exquisite flowers.
[Footnote 17: From the Polish. Kletke.]
In the middle of the meadow stood a huge stone castle, with an iron
gate leading to it, which was wide open. Everything in the castle
seemed to be made of copper, and the only inhabitant he could discover
was a lovely girl, who was combing her golden hair; and he noticed
that whenever one of her hairs fell on the ground it rang out like
pure metal. The youth looked at her more closely, and saw that her
skin was smooth and fair, her blue eyes bright and sparkling, and her
hair as golden as the sun. He fell in love with her on the spot, and
kneeling at her feet, he implored her to become his wife.
The lovely girl accepted his proposal gladly; but at the same time she
warned him that she could never come up to the world above till her
mother, the old witch, was dead. And she went on to tell him that the
only way in which the old creature could be killed was with the sword
that hung up in the castle; but the sword was so heavy that no one
could lift it.
Then the youth went into a room in the castle where everything was
made of silver, and here he found another beautiful girl, the sister
of his bride. She was combing her silver hair, and every hair that
fell on the ground rang out like pure metal. The second girl handed
him the sword, but though he tried with all his strength he could not
lift it. At last a third sister came to him and gave him a drop of
something to drink, which she said would give him the needful
strength. He drank one drop, but still he could not lift the sword;
then he drank a second, and the sword began to move; but only after he
had drunk a third drop was he able to swing the sword over his head.
Then he hid himself in the castle and awaited the old witch’s arrival.
At last as it was beginning to grow dark she appeared. She swooped
down upon a big apple-tree, and after shaking some golden apples from
it, she pounced down upon the earth. As soon as her feet touched the
ground she became transformed from a hawk into a woman. This was the
moment the youth was waiting for, and he swung his mighty sword in the
air with all his strength and the witch’s head fell off, and her blood
spurted up on the walls.
Without fear of any further danger, he packed up all the treasures of
the castle into great chests, and gave his brothers a signal to pull
them up out of the abyss. First the treasures were attached to the
rope and then the three lovely girls. And now everything was up above
and only he himself remained below. But as he was a little suspicious
of his brothers, he fastened a heavy stone on to the rope and let them
pull it up. At first they heaved with a will, but when the stone was
half way up they let it drop suddenly, and it fell to the bottom
broken into a hundred pieces.
‘So that’s what would have happened to my bones had I trusted myself
to them,’ said the youth sadly; and he began to cry bitterly, not
because of the treasures, but because of the lovely girl with her
swan-like neck and golden hair.
[Illustration: ‘Then the youth swung his mighty sword in the air, and
with one blow cut off the serpent’s head’]
For a long time he wandered sadly all through the beautiful
underworld, and one day he met a magician who asked him the cause of
his tears. The youth told him all that had befallen him, and the
magician said:
‘Do not grieve, young man! If you will guard the children who are
hidden in the golden apple-tree, I will bring you at once up to the
earth. Another magician who lives in this land always eats my children
up. It is in vain that I have hidden them under the earth and locked
them into the castle. Now I have hidden them in the apple-tree; hide
yourself there too, and at midnight you will see my enemy.’
The youth climbed up the tree, and picked some of the beautiful golden
apples, which he ate for his supper.
At midnight the wind began to rise, and a rustling sound was heard at
the foot of the tree. The youth looked down and beheld a long thick
serpent beginning to crawl up the tree. It wound itself round the stem
and gradually got higher and higher. It stretched its huge head, in
which the eyes glittered fiercely, among the branches, searching for
the nest in which the little children lay. They trembled with terror
when they saw the hideous creature, and hid themselves beneath the
leaves.
Then the youth swung his mighty sword in the air, and with one blow
cut off the serpent’s head. He cut up the rest of the body into little
bits and strewed them to the four winds.
The father of the rescued children was so delighted over the death of
his enemy that he told the youth to get on his back, and in this way
he carried him up to the world above.
With what joy did he hurry now to his brothers’ house! He burst into a
room where they were all assembled, but no one knew who he was. Only
his bride, who was serving as cook to her sisters, recognised her
lover at once.
His brothers, who had quite believed he was dead, yielded him up his
treasures at once, and flew into the woods in terror. But the good
youth forgave them all they had done, and divided his treasures with
them. Then he built himself a big castle with golden windows, and
there he lived happily with his golden-haired wife till the end of
their lives.
THE BOY AND THE WOLVES, OR THE BROKEN PROMISE[18]
Once upon a time an Indian hunter built himself a house in the middle
of a great forest, far away from all his tribe; for his heart was
gentle and kind, and he was weary of the treachery and cruel deeds of
those who had been his friends. So he left them, and took his wife and
three children, and they journeyed on until they found a spot near to
a clear stream, where they began to cut down trees, and to make ready
their wigwam. For many years they lived peacefully and happily in this
sheltered place, never leaving it except to hunt the wild animals,
which served them both for food and clothes. At last, however, the
strong man felt sick, and before long he knew he must die.
So he gathered his family round him, and said his last words to them.
‘You, my wife, the companion of my days, will follow me ere many moons
have waned to the island of the blest. But for you, O my children,
whose lives are but newly begun, the wickedness, unkindness, and
ingratitude from which I fled are before you. Yet I shall go hence in
peace, my children, if you will promise always to love each other, and
never to forsake your youngest brother.’
‘Never!’ they replied, holding out their hands. And the hunter died
content.
Scarcely eight moons had passed when, just as he had said, the wife
went forth, and followed her husband; but before leaving her children
she bade the two elder ones think of their promise never to forsake
the younger, for he was a child, and weak. And while the snow lay
thick upon the ground, they tended him and cherished him; but when the
earth showed green again, the heart of the young man stirred within
him, and he longed to see the wigwams of the village where his
father’s youth was spent.
[Footnote 18: A North American Indian Story.]
Therefore he opened all his heart to his sister, who answered: ‘My
brother, I understand your longing for our fellow-men, whom here we
cannot see. But remember our father’s words. Shall we not seek our own
pleasures, and forget the little one?’
But he would not listen, and, making no reply, he took his bow and
arrows and left the hut. The snows fell and melted, yet he never
returned; and at last the heart of the girl grew cold and hard, and
her little boy became a burden in her eyes, till one day she spoke
thus to him: ‘See, there is food for many days to come. Stay here
within the shelter of the hut. I go to seek our brother, and when I
have found him I shall return hither.’
[Illustration: ‘My brother, my brother, I am becoming a wolf!’]
But when, after hard journeying, she reached the village where her
brother dwelt, and saw that he had a wife and was happy, and when she,
too, was sought by a young brave, then she also forgot the boy alone
in the forest, and thought only of her husband.
Now as soon as the little boy had eaten all the food which his sister
had left him, he went out into the woods, and gathered berries and dug
up roots, and while the sun shone he was contented and had his fill.
But when the snows began and the wind howled, then his stomach felt
empty and his limbs cold, and he hid in trees all the night, and only
crept out to eat what the wolves had left behind. And by-and-by,
having no other friends, he sought their company, and sat by while
they devoured their prey, and they grew to know him, and gave him
food. And without them he would have died in the snow.
But at last the snows melted, and the ice upon the great lake, and as
the wolves went down to the shore, the boy went after them. And it
happened one day that his big brother was fishing in his canoe near
the shore, and he heard the voice of a child singing in the Indian
tone—
‘My brother, my brother!
I am becoming a wolf,
I am becoming a wolf!’
And when he had so sung he howled as wolves howl. Then the heart of
the elder sunk, and he hastened towards him, crying, ‘Brother, little
brother, come to me;’ but he, being half a wolf, only continued his
song. And the louder the elder called him, ‘Brother, little brother,
come to me,’ the swifter he fled after his brothers the wolves, and
the heavier grew his skin, till, with a long howl, he vanished into
the depths of the forest.
So, with shame and anguish in his soul, the elder brother went back to
his village, and, with his sister, mourned the little boy and the
broken promise till the end of his life.
THE GLASS AXE[19]
There was once upon a time a King and Queen who had everything they
could possibly wish for in this world except a child. At last, after
twelve years, the Queen gave birth to a son; but she did not live long
to enjoy her happiness, for on the following day she died. But before
her death she called her husband to her and said, ‘Never let the child
put his feet on the ground, for as soon as he does so he will fall
into the power of a wicked Fairy, who will do him much harm.’ And
these were the last words the poor Queen spoke.
The boy throve and grew big, and when he was too heavy for his nurse
to carry, a chair was made for him on little wheels, in which he could
wander through the palace gardens without help; at other times he was
carried about on a litter, and he was always carefully watched and
guarded for fear he should at any time put his feet to the ground.
But as this sort of life was bad for his health, the doctors ordered
him horse exercise, and he soon became a first-rate rider, and used to
go out for long excursions on horseback, accompanied always by his
father’s stud-groom and a numerous retinue.
Every day he rode through the neighbouring fields and woods, and
always returned home in the evening safe and well. In this way many
years passed, and the Prince grew to manhood, and hardly anyone
remembered the Queen’s warning, though precautions were still taken,
more from use and wont than for any other reason.
[Footnote 19: From the Hungarian. Kletke.]
One day the Prince and his suite went out for a ride in a wood where
his father sometimes held a hunt. Their way led through a stream whose
banks were overgrown with thick brushwood. Just as the horsemen were
about to ford the river, a hare, startled by the sound of the horses’
hoofs, started up from the grass and ran towards the thicket. The
young Prince pursued the little creature, and had almost overtaken it,
when the girth of his saddle suddenly broke in two and he fell heavily
to the ground. No sooner had his foot touched the earth than he
disappeared before the eyes of the horrified courtiers.
They sought for him far and near, but all in vain, and they were
forced to recognise the power of the evil Fairy, against which the
Queen had warned them on her death-bed. The old King was much grieved
when they brought him the news of his son’s disappearance, but as he
could do nothing to free him from his fate, he gave himself up to an
old age of grief and loneliness, cherishing at the same time the hope
that some lucky chance might one day deliver the youth out of the
hands of his enemy.
Hardly had the Prince touched the ground than he felt himself
violently seized by an unseen power, and hurried away he knew not
whither. A whole new world stretched out before him, quite unlike the
one he had left. A splendid castle surrounded by a huge lake was the
abode of the Fairy, and the only approach to it was over a bridge of
clouds. On the other side of the lake high mountains rose up, and dark
woods stretched along the banks; over all hung a thick mist, and deep
silence reigned everywhere.
No sooner had the Fairy reached her own domain than she made herself
visible, and turning to the Prince she told him that unless he obeyed
all her commands down to the minutest detail he would be severely
punished. Then she gave him an axe made of glass, and bade him cross
the bridge of clouds and go into the wood beyond and cut down all the
trees there before sunset. At the same time she cautioned him with
many angry words against speaking to a black girl he would most likely
meet in the wood.
The Prince listened to her words meekly, and when she had finished
took up the glass axe and set out for the forest. At every step he
seemed to sink into the clouds, but fear gave wings to his feet, and
he crossed the lake in safety and set to work at once.
But no sooner had he struck the first blow with his axe than it broke
into a thousand pieces against the tree. The poor youth was so
terrified he did not know what to do, for he was in mortal dread of
the punishment the wicked old Fairy would inflict on him. He wandered
to and fro in the wood, not knowing where he was going, and at last,
worn out by fatigue and misery, he sank on the ground and fell fast
asleep.
He did not know how long he had slept when a sudden sound awoke him,
and opening his eyes he saw a black girl standing beside him. Mindful
of the Fairy’s warning he did not dare to address her, but she on her
part greeted him in the most friendly manner, and asked him at once if
he were under the power of the wicked Fairy. The Prince nodded his
head silently in answer.
Then the black girl told him that she too was in the power of the
Fairy, who had doomed her to wander about in her present guise until
some youth should take pity on her and bear her in safety to the other
side of the river which they saw in the distance, and on the other
side of which the Fairy’s domain and power ended.
The girl’s words so inspired the Prince with confidence that he told
her all his tale of woe, and ended up by asking her advice as to how
he was to escape the punishment the Fairy would be sure to inflict on
him when she discovered that he had not cut down the trees in the wood
and that he had broken her axe.
‘You must know,’ answered the black girl, ‘that the Fairy in whose
power we both are is my own mother, but you must not betray this
secret, for it would cost me my life. If you will only promise to try
and free me I will stand by you, and will accomplish for you all the
tasks which my mother sets you.’
The Prince promised joyfully all she asked; then having once more
warned him not to betray her confidence, she handed him a draught to
drink which very soon sunk his senses in a deep slumber.
His astonishment was great when he awoke to find the glass axe whole
and unbroken at his side, and all the trees of the wood lying felled
around him!
He made all haste across the bridge of clouds, and told the Fairy that
her commands were obeyed. She was much amazed when she heard that all
the wood was cut down, and saw the axe unbroken in his hand, and since
she could not believe that he had done all this by himself, she
questioned him narrowly if he had seen or spoken to the black girl.
But the Prince lied manfully, and swore he had never looked up from
his work for a moment. Seeing she could get nothing more out of him,
she gave him a little bread and water, and showing him to a small dark
cupboard she told him he might sleep there.
Morning had hardly dawned when the Fairy awoke the Prince, and giving
him the
Story DNA
Moral
Goodness and perseverance are rewarded, while treachery and evil are overcome.
Plot Summary
The youngest of three brothers, through cleverness, wounds a mischievous hawk, revealing an abyss. He descends into a magical underworld, falls in love with a trapped maiden, and kills her witch mother (the hawk) with a magical sword. His brothers betray him, leaving him stranded, but he is rescued by a good magician after saving the magician's children from a serpent. Returning to the surface, he is recognized by his bride, forgives his fleeing brothers, and lives happily ever after with his wife.
Themes
Emotional Arc
suffering to triumph
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
Andrew Lang collected this story from a Polish source, indicating its roots in Eastern European folklore traditions.
Plot Beats (15)
- Two elder brothers fail to guard church windows from a hawk, falling asleep.
- The youngest brother uses thorns to stay awake, shoots and wounds the hawk, which falls into an abyss.
- The youngest brother explores the abyss, finding a beautiful underworld with a copper castle.
- He meets a golden-haired girl, falls in love, and learns she is trapped by her witch mother (the hawk).
- He meets the girl's silver-haired sister, who gives him a potion to gain strength to wield a heavy sword.
- He kills the witch as she transforms from hawk to woman, freeing the sisters.
- He sends treasures and the three sisters up the rope to his brothers.
- Suspecting betrayal, he tests his brothers with a stone, which they drop, leaving him stranded.
- He wanders sadly in the underworld until he meets a good magician.
- The magician asks him to guard his children from a serpent in a golden apple tree.
- The youth kills the serpent with his sword, saving the magician's children.
- The magician carries him back to the world above.
- He returns to his brothers' house, where only his bride recognizes him.
- His brothers, terrified, return his treasures and flee.
- He forgives his brothers, shares his wealth, builds a castle, and lives happily with his wife.
Characters
Youngest Brother
Strong, brave
Attire: Simple clothing suitable for a peasant or working-class man of the era
Brave, determined, resourceful
Lovely Girl
Beautiful, fair skin
Attire: Fine garments befitting a princess or noblewoman, possibly made of copper
Kind, grateful, trapped
Old Witch
Transforms from a hawk to a woman
Attire: Dark, flowing robes
Evil, powerful, cruel
Magician
Wise, helpful
Attire: Robes of a magician
Kind, generous, protective
Prince
Healthy, athletic
Attire: Fine clothing befitting a prince, riding attire
Courageous, obedient initially, but ultimately kind and willing to help
Black Girl
Black skin, cursed form
Attire: Simple clothing, reflecting her servitude
Helpful, kind, trapped, loyal
Evil Fairy
Wicked, powerful
Attire: Fine clothing, reflecting her power
Cruel, demanding, suspicious
Locations
Church
Windows that crash when the hawk attacks
Mood: eerie, tense
The youngest brother guards the church and shoots the hawk.
Underworld Meadow
A lovely meadow full of green trees and exquisite flowers at the bottom of an abyss
Mood: magical, beautiful
The youngest brother discovers the underworld and meets the first princess.
Copper Castle
Everything in the castle seemed to be made of copper
Mood: magical, opulent
The youngest brother meets the first princess and learns about the witch.
Fairy's Domain
A splendid castle surrounded by a huge lake, bridge of clouds, high mountains, dark woods, thick mist
Mood: desolate, oppressive
The prince is taken to the fairy's domain and given impossible tasks.
Wood
The wood beyond the lake, where the prince is tasked with cutting down all the trees
Mood: desperate
The prince meets the black girl and she helps him complete the task.