LES COMPAGNONS D’ULYSSE
by Jean de La Fontaine · from Fables de La Fontaine
Adapted Version
Ulysses sailed the big blue sea. He had his friends. They traveled for a long time. They came to a new island.
A magic lady lived there. Her name was Circe. She gave his friends a drink. It looked good. But it was a magic drink. It made them silly. Poof! They changed into many creatures. Some were bears. Some were lions. Some were wolves.
Ulysses was very smart. He talked kindly to Circe. He used kind words. Circe liked Ulysses very much. She smiled at him. She listened to him.
Circe liked Ulysses. She said, "I can change friends." Ulysses smiled. Circe asked, "Will they want to change?"
Ulysses went to find his friends. He saw a big lion. It was his friend. Ulysses asked, "Want to be a man again?"
The Lion said, "No! I am a strong lion!" He roared loudly. "I have big claws. I have sharp teeth. I am a king here. I do not want to be a man. I like being a lion!"
Ulysses went to find his next friend. He saw a big bear. It was his friend. Ulysses asked, "Want to be a man again?"
The Bear said, "No! I like being a big bear. He played there." "I am free here. I have no worries. I do not want to be a man. I like being a bear!"
Ulysses went to find his next friend. He saw a fast wolf. It was his friend. Ulysses asked, "Want to be a man again?"
The Wolf said, "No! I like being a wolf." He ran fast. "People are at times not kind. I like being free. All creatures said 'No!'" They liked doing what they wanted.
Ulysses was sad. His friends stayed silly creatures. They liked their new creature lives. They were stuck in their choices. They liked being silly creatures too much. What do you think?
Original Story
LES COMPAGNONS D’ULYSSE.
A MONSEIGNEUR LE DUC DE BOURGOGNE.
Prince, l’unique objet du soin des immortels,
Souffrez que mon encens parfume vos autels.
Je vous offre un peu tard ces présents de ma muse:
Les ans et les travaux me serviront d’excuse.
Mon esprit diminue, au lieu qu’à chaque instant
On aperçoit le vôtre aller en augmentant:
Il ne va pas, il court, il semble avoir des ailes.
Le héros dont il tient des qualités si belles
Dans le métier de Mars brûle d’en faire autant:
Il ne tient pas à lui que, forçant la victoire,
Il ne marche à pas de géant
Dans la carrière de la gloire.
Quelque dieu le retient: c’est notre souverain,
Lui qu’un mois a rendu maître et vainqueur du Rhin.
Cette rapidité fut alors nécessaire,
Peut-être elle seroit aujourd’hui téméraire.
Je m’en tais; aussi bien les Ris et les Amours
Ne sont pas soupçonnés d’aimer les longs discours.
De ces sortes de dieux votre cour se compose:
Ils ne vous quittent point. Ce n’est pas qu’après tout
D’autres divinités n’y tiennent le haut bout:
Le sens et la raison y règlent toute chose.
Consultez ces derniers sur un fait où les Grecs,
Imprudents et peu circonspects,
S’abandonnèrent à des charmes
Qui métamorphosoient en bêtes les humains.
Les compagnons d’Ulysse, après dix ans d’alarmes,
Erroient au gré du vent, de leur sort incertains.
Ils abordèrent un rivage
Où la fille du dieu du jour,
Circé, tenoit alors sa cour.
Elle leur fit prendre un breuvage
Délicieux, mais plein d’un funeste poison.
D’abord ils perdent la raison;
Quelques moments après, leur corps et leur visage
Prennent l’air et les traits d’animaux différents:
Les voilà devenus ours, lions, éléphants;
Les uns sous une masse énorme,
Les autres sous une autre forme.
Il s’en vit de petits; EXEMPLUM, UT TALPA.
Le seul Ulysse en échappa;
Il sut se défier de la liqueur traîtresse.
Comme il joignoit à la sagesse
La mine d’un héros et le doux entretien,
Il fit tant que l’enchanteresse
Prit un autre poison peu différent du sien.
Une déesse dit tout ce qu’elle a dans l’âme:
Celle-ci déclara sa flamme.
Ulysse étoit trop fin pour ne pas profiter
D’une pareille conjoncture:
Il obtint qu’on rendroit à ses Grecs leur figure.
Mais la voudront-ils bien, dit la nymphe, accepter?
Allez le proposer de ce pas à la troupe.
Ulysse y court, et dit: L’empoisonneuse coupe
A son remède encore; et je viens vous l’offrir:
Chers amis, voulez-vous hommes redevenir?
On vous rend déjà la parole.
Le lion dit, pensant rugir:
Je n’ai pas la tête si folle;
Moi renoncer aux dons que je viens d’acquérir!
J’ai griffe et dents, et mets en pièces qui m’attaque.
Je suis roi: deviendrai-je un citadin d’Ithaque!
Tu me rendras peut-être encor simple soldat:
Je ne veux point changer d’état.
Ulysse du lion court à l’ours: Eh! mon frère,
Comme te voilà fait! je t’ai vu si joli!
Ah! vraiment nous y voici,
Reprit l’ours à sa manière:
Comme me voilà fait! comme doit être un ours.
Qui t’a dit qu’une forme est plus belle qu’une autre?
Est-ce à la tienne à juger de la nôtre?
Je m’en rapporte aux yeux d’une ourse mes amours.
Te déplais-je? va-t’en; suis ta route, et me laisse.
Je vis libre, content, sans nul soin qui me presse;
Et te dis tout net et tout plat:
Je ne veux point changer d’état.
Le prince grec au loup va proposer l’affaire;
Il lui dit, au hasard d’un semblable refus:
Camarade, je suis confus
Qu’une jeune et belle bergère
Conte aux échos les appétits gloutons
Qui t’ont fait manger ses moutons.
Autrefois on t’eût vu sauver sa bergerie;
Tu menois une honnête vie.
Quitte ces bois et redevien,
Au lieu de loup, homme de bien.
En est-il? dit le loup: pour moi, je n’en vois guère.
Tu t’en viens me traiter de bête carnassière;
Toi qui parles, qu’es-tu? N’auriez-vous pas sans moi,
Mangé ces animaux que plaint tout le village?
Si j’étois homme, par ta foi,
Aimerois-je moins le carnage?
Pour un mot quelquefois vous vous étranglez tous:
Ne vous êtes-vous pas l’un à l’autre des loups?
Tout bien considéré, je te soutiens en somme
Que, scélérat pour scélérat,
Il vaut mieux être un loup qu’un homme:
Je ne veux point changer d’état.
Ulysse fit à tous une même semonce;
Chacun d’eux fit même réponce,
Autant le grand que le petit.
La liberté, les bois, suivre leur appétit,
C’étoit leurs délices suprêmes:
Tous renonçoient au los des belles actions.
Ils croyoient s’affranchir suivants leurs passions.
Ils étoient esclaves d’eux-mêmes.
Prince, j’aurois voulu vous choisir un sujet
Où je pusse mêler le plaisant à l’utile:
C’étoit sans doute un beau projet.
Si ce choix eût été facile.
Les compagnons d’Ulysse enfin se sont offerts:
Ils ont force pareils en ce bas univers,
Gens à qui j’impose pour peine
Votre censure et votre haine.
II
Story DNA
Moral
Those who abandon reason and virtue for base desires often prefer their degraded state, believing themselves free when they are truly enslaved by their own passions.
Plot Summary
After years of wandering, Ulysses's companions land on Circe's island and are transformed into various animals by her magical potion. Ulysses, immune to the spell, convinces Circe to offer them a cure. However, when Ulysses approaches his former friends—now a lion, a bear, and a wolf—each one vehemently refuses to return to human form, preferring their new, unburdened existence and arguing that human nature is no better. All the companions ultimately reject the offer, choosing to remain enslaved by their animalistic passions rather than reclaim their humanity and reason.
Themes
Emotional Arc
disappointment to resigned observation
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
Jean de La Fontaine was a 17th-century French fabulist, known for adapting classical and folk tales into fables with moral lessons, often satirizing human behavior through animal characters. The dedication to a noble patron was common practice.
Plot Beats (12)
- The narrator dedicates the fable to the Duke of Burgundy, praising his intellect and excusing his own aging muse.
- The narrator introduces the story of Ulysses's companions, who, after ten years of alarms, arrive at Circe's island.
- Circe offers the companions a delicious but poisonous drink, which causes them to lose their reason and transform into various animals.
- Ulysses, being wise, avoids the treacherous liquor and, using his charm, seduces Circe.
- Circe, smitten, agrees to restore Ulysses's Greeks to their human form, but questions if they will accept.
- Ulysses approaches the transformed lion, offering him the remedy to become human again and regain his speech.
- The lion vehemently refuses, stating he prefers his powerful animal form as king to being a simple Ithacan citizen or soldier.
- Ulysses then goes to the bear, who also rejects the offer, arguing that his bear form is as good as any other and he enjoys his free, carefree life.
- Ulysses next tries to convince the wolf to abandon his gluttonous ways and become a good man again.
- The wolf counters that humans are no better, often being 'wolves to each other,' and prefers to be a literal wolf than a human scoundrel.
- Ulysses makes the same offer to all his companions, but each one, great or small, gives the same refusal, valuing their animal freedom and appetites over human virtue.
- The narrator concludes that the companions, believing themselves free, were actually slaves to their own passions, and are subject to the censure of the Duke of Burgundy.
Characters
Ulysse
A man of heroic stature and bearing, implying a strong and capable physique, likely well-built from years of travel and warfare.
Attire: Likely wears practical, yet dignified attire suitable for a Greek hero and leader, perhaps a chiton and chlamys, possibly with some armor or a sword belt, though not explicitly detailed in this fable.
Wants: To return his companions to their human form and continue their journey home.
Flaw: His compassion for his transformed companions, which leads him to negotiate with Circe.
He remains steadfast in his wisdom and determination, successfully negotiating for his companions' release, though ultimately failing to convince them to revert.
Wise, cunning, persistent, diplomatic, resourceful.
Circé
A beautiful and enchanting goddess, daughter of the sun god, possessing an alluring presence that belies her dangerous magic.
Attire: Wears elegant and flowing garments befitting a goddess and enchantress, likely made of fine, shimmering fabrics in rich colors, possibly adorned with subtle magical motifs.
Wants: To entertain herself by transforming mortals and to satisfy her desires, including her attraction to Ulysse.
Flaw: Susceptible to Ulysse's charm and wisdom, falling in love with him.
Initially an antagonist, she is swayed by Ulysse's charm and agrees to reverse her spell, though she questions if the transformed beings will accept their old forms.
Enchanting, powerful, manipulative, passionate, somewhat yielding when charmed.
Le Lion (Compagnon d'Ulysse)
A large, powerful lion, with a formidable mane, sharp claws, and teeth, embodying strength and ferocity.
Attire: N/A (animal form)
Wants: To maintain his newfound power and status as a 'king' in the wild.
Flaw: His arrogance and inability to see the value in his former human state.
Refuses to revert to human form, preferring his animalistic freedom and power.
Proud, aggressive, dominant, self-satisfied, resistant to change.
L'Ours (Compagnon d'Ulysse)
A large, shaggy bear, implying a robust and somewhat clumsy physique, but strong.
Attire: N/A (animal form)
Wants: To live freely and contentedly in his bear form, without the constraints of human society.
Flaw: His stubbornness and narrow-mindedness regarding different forms of beauty and existence.
Refuses to revert to human form, finding contentment and freedom in his animal state.
Content, self-accepting, dismissive of human beauty standards, valuing freedom and simple pleasures.
Le Loup (Compagnon d'Ulysse)
A lean, cunning wolf, embodying predatory instincts and a wild nature.
Attire: N/A (animal form)
Wants: To continue living as a wolf, indulging his natural appetites and criticizing the hypocrisy of humans.
Flaw: His inherent cynicism and inability to see good in humanity, leading him to embrace his predatory nature.
Refuses to revert to human form, preferring his predatory freedom and arguing that humans are no better than wolves.
Cynical, predatory, self-justifying, critical of human nature, valuing freedom and appetite.
Locations
Circe's Island Shore
A remote, windswept shore where Odysseus's companions disembark, likely with a view towards a more lush interior where Circe's dwelling might be. The air would carry the scent of the sea and perhaps exotic flora.
Mood: Initially hopeful and exploratory, quickly turning ominous and bewildering.
The companions land on Circe's island, setting the stage for their transformation.
Circe's Dwelling / Enchanted Grounds
The place where Circe holds court and offers her bewitching potion. It would be a space of deceptive beauty, perhaps a grand hall or a lush, enclosed garden pavilion, reflecting ancient Greek or mythical architectural elements, but with an underlying sense of danger.
Mood: Magical, alluring, but ultimately treacherous and transformative.
Odysseus's companions drink the potion and are transformed into animals. Odysseus confronts Circe here.
Forest/Wilderness of Transformed Companions
The natural habitat where the transformed companions (lion, bear, wolf, etc.) now roam, having embraced their new animal forms. This would be a wild, untamed forest or wilderness, providing ample space for large beasts.
Mood: Wild, free, but also a place of lost humanity and stubborn contentment.
Odysseus attempts to persuade his transformed companions to return to human form, but they refuse.