The Little Match-Seller

by Hans Christian Andersen · from Collected Fairy Tales

fairy tale moral tale melancholy Ages 8-14 1006 words 5 min read
Cover: The Little Match-Seller

Adapted Version

CEFR A1 Age 5 334 words 2 min Canon 100/100

It was a very cold night. A little girl walked. Snow fell. Her bare feet were cold. She had matches. No one bought them.

She was very cold. She could not go home. She had no money. She felt sad and alone. Her home was cold too.

She sat in a corner. She was very cold. She took a match. She lit it. She wanted warmth.

The match gave a bright light. She saw a big stove. It was warm and shiny. She felt warm. Then the match went out. The stove was gone.

She lit one more match. She saw yummy food. A big table was full. It looked so good. The match went out. The food was gone.

She lit a third match. She saw a big, pretty tree. It had many lights. It was nice. The match went out. The tree was gone.

She saw a bright star fall. She thought of her Grandma. Grandma said a star means someone goes. They go to a happy place. Far away.

She lit one more match. Her dear Grandma was there. Grandma was bright and loving. She smiled at the Little Girl. The Little Girl felt happy.

Grandma might go away. The Little Girl was sad. She lit all her matches. She wanted Grandma to stay. She wanted her close.

All the matches made a big light. Grandma hugged the Little Girl. They went up to a happy place. It was warm there. No more cold. No more hunger. Only love.

Morning came. The sun shone. The Little Girl was sleeping. She was very still and cold. She had a happy smile. Burnt matches were in her hand. She looked calm.

People saw the burnt matches. They thought she wanted warmth. They did not know her happy journey. She found warmth and love.

The little girl was very happy now. She was in a warm, bright place. Her grandma was there. She was not cold or hungry then. She had a happy smile.

Original Story 1006 words · 5 min read

The little match-seller

A fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen

It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed through the streets. It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were not of much use. They were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother, and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two carriages that were rolling along at a terrible rate. One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other and ran away with it, saying that he could use it as a cradle, when he had children of his own. So the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and blue with the cold. In an old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in her hands. No one had bought anything of her the whole day, nor had any one given here even a penny. Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along; poor little child, she looked the picture of misery. The snowflakes fell on her long, fair hair, which hung in curls on her shoulders, but she regarded them not.

Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New-year's eve– yes, she remembered that. In a corner, between two houses, one of which projected beyond the other, she sank down and huddled herself together. She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold; and she dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny of money. Her father would certainly beat her; besides, it was almost as cold at home as here, for they had only the roof to cover them, through which the wind howled, although the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags. Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold. Ah! perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers. She drew one out-"scratch!" how it sputtered as it burnt! It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it. It was really a wonderful light. It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament. How the fire burned! and seemed so beautifully warm that the child stretched out her feet as if to warm them, when, lo! the flame of the match went out, the stove vanished, and she had only the remains of the half-burnt match in her hand.

She rubbed another match on the wall. It burst into a flame, and where its light fell upon the wall it became as transparent as a veil, and she could see into the room. The table was covered with a snowy white table-cloth, on which stood a splendid dinner service, and a steaming roast goose, stuffed with apples and dried plums. And what was still more wonderful, the goose jumped down from the dish and waddled across the floor, with a knife and fork in its breast, to the little girl. Then the match went out, and there remained nothing but the thick, damp, cold wall before her.

She lighted another match, and then she found herself sitting under a beautiful Christmas-tree. It was larger and more beautifully decorated than the one which she had seen through the glass door at the rich merchant's. Thousands of tapers were burning upon the green branches, and colored pictures, like those she had seen in the show-windows, looked down upon it all. The little one stretched out her hand towards them, and the match went out.

The Christmas lights rose higher and higher, till they looked to her like the stars in the sky. Then she saw a star fall, leaving behind it a bright streak of fire. "Some one is dying," thought the little girl, for her old grandmother, the only one who had ever loved her, and who was now dead, had told her that when a star falls, a soul was going up to God.

She again rubbed a match on the wall, and the light shone round her; in the brightness stood her old grandmother, clear and shining, yet mild and loving in her appearance. "Grandmother," cried the little one, "O take me with you; I know you will go away when the match burns out; you will vanish like the warm stove, the roast goose, and the large, glorious Christmas-tree." And she made haste to light the whole bundle of matches, for she wished to keep her grandmother there. And the matches glowed with a light that was brighter than the noon-day, and her grandmother had never appeared so large or so beautiful. She took the little girl in her arms, and they both flew upwards in brightness and joy far above the earth, where there was neither cold nor hunger nor pain, for they were with God.

In the dawn of morning there lay the poor little one, with pale cheeks and smiling mouth, leaning against the wall; she had been frozen to death on the last evening of the year; and the New-year's sun rose and shone upon a little corpse! The child still sat, in the stiffness of death, holding the matches in her hand, one bundle of which was burnt. "She tried to warm herself," said some. No one imagined what beautiful things she had seen, nor into what glory she had entered with her grandmother, on New-year's day.

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Story DNA

Moral

The story highlights the tragic consequences of societal neglect and extreme poverty, suggesting that true warmth and happiness can be found beyond earthly suffering.

Plot Summary

On a freezing New Year's Eve, a poor little match-seller, barefoot and hungry, fears returning home to her abusive father without selling any matches. Huddling in a corner, she lights her matches one by one, each flame conjuring vivid, comforting visions of warmth, food, and a Christmas tree, which vanish as the matches burn out. Finally, she sees her beloved deceased grandmother, and to keep her vision alive, lights her entire bundle of matches. In the brilliant light, her grandmother embraces her, and they ascend to heaven, leaving her frozen body to be discovered the next morning, a smile on her face.

Themes

poverty and sufferinghope and delusiondeath and salvationchild neglect

Emotional Arc

suffering to spiritual triumph

Writing Style

Voice: third person omniscient
Pacing: moderate
Descriptive: lush
Techniques: pathetic fallacy, juxtaposition of harsh reality and comforting illusion, symbolism

Narrative Elements

Conflict: person vs society
Ending: bittersweet
Magic: visions induced by matches (warm stove, feast, Christmas tree, grandmother's spirit), spiritual ascension to heaven
matches (fleeting hope, warmth, illusion, life)falling star (death, ascension)bare feet (vulnerability, poverty)roast goose/Christmas tree (unattainable comfort, societal wealth)

Cultural Context

Origin: Danish
Era: 19th century

Reflects the harsh realities of poverty and child labor prevalent in 19th-century Europe, often contrasted with the affluence of the emerging middle class. Andersen frequently used such contrasts to highlight social issues.

Plot Beats (12)

  1. A poor, barefoot little girl wanders the streets on a freezing New Year's Eve, trying to sell matches.
  2. She has lost her mother's oversized slippers and fears her father's wrath if she returns home without money.
  3. Huddling in a corner between two houses, she lights a match for warmth.
  4. The first match conjures a vision of a warm iron stove, which disappears when the match burns out.
  5. She lights a second match, seeing a splendid New Year's feast, complete with a walking roast goose, which also vanishes.
  6. She lights a third match, seeing a magnificent Christmas tree, which disappears as the match dies.
  7. She sees a falling star and remembers her deceased grandmother's belief that it signifies a soul ascending to God.
  8. She lights a fourth match, and her beloved grandmother appears, radiant and loving.
  9. Fearing her grandmother will vanish like the other visions, she quickly lights her entire bundle of matches.
  10. In the brilliant light, her grandmother embraces her, and they ascend together to a place free from cold, hunger, and pain.
  11. The next morning, the little girl is found frozen to death, with a smile on her face and the burnt matches in her hand.
  12. Bystanders assume she was trying to warm herself, unaware of the beautiful visions she experienced or her spiritual journey.

Characters

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The little match-seller

human child female

Poor, small, shivering with cold and hunger

Attire: Bare head, naked feet, old apron carrying matches, large slippers (formerly her mother's)

Bare feet red and blue with cold

Desperate, imaginative, hopeful

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Father

human adult male

Not described

Attire: Not described

Implied raised hand

Abusive, demanding

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Grandmother

human elderly female

Clear and shining, mild and loving

Attire: Not described

Shining, ethereal appearance

Loving, kind

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Boy

human child male

Not described

Attire: Not described

Running with a large slipper

Opportunistic, cruel

Locations

City Streets

outdoor dusk winter, snowy and terribly cold

Cold, dark streets covered in falling snow. Lights shine from windows, hinting at warmth and food inside.

Mood: desolate, miserable, unforgiving

The girl wanders, trying to sell matches and avoid the cold.

snowflakes cobblestone streets lights from windows carriages

Corner Between Two Houses

transitional night winter, snowy and terribly cold

A cramped space offering minimal shelter from the wind and snow.

Mood: bleak, desperate, lonely

The girl huddles for warmth and begins lighting matches.

projecting house snow drifts damp wall shadows

Vision of Warm Stove

indoor implied warmth, a contrast to the winter outside

A large iron stove with polished brass feet and ornaments, radiating warmth and light.

Mood: comforting, inviting, illusory

First match vision, representing basic comfort.

polished brass burning fire iron stove warm light

Vision of Christmas Tree

indoor implied warmth, a contrast to the winter outside

A large, beautifully decorated Christmas tree with thousands of burning tapers and colored pictures.

Mood: magical, joyful, unattainable

Third match vision, representing joy and celebration.

green branches burning tapers colored pictures Christmas ornaments