The Dun Cow
by Alexander Afanasyev

The Dun Cow
You know that there are all sorts in this world, good and bad, people who do not fear God, and feel no shame before their own brother.
In a certain kingdom, in a certain land, there once lived a Tsar and Tsarítsa, who had one only daughter, Márya Tsarévna. But the old Tsarítsa died and the Tsar took to him a second wife, who was a witch. And the witch had three daughters, one of whom had one eye, the next two eyes, and the third had three. The stepmother could not abide Márya Tsarévna, and sent the girl with a dun cow on to the heath, and gave her a dry crust as her only food.
Márya Tsarévna went on to the heath, bowed down to the right foot of the cow, and all at once was splendidly dressed, and had as much to eat and drink as she liked. So she guarded the dun cow the whole day, and looked as gay as any lady in the land. And at night she bowed down again in front of the right foot, and again became shabby and went home. And the bit of bread she took with her and offered it to her stepmother.
“Whatever is she living on?” the witch thought, and she gave her the same piece of bread next day, and told her eldest daughter to watch what Márya Tsarévna did.
When they reached the heath Márya Tsarévna said: “Come, little sister, I will find a cushion for your head.” So she went to look, but whispered to herself:
“Sleep, my sister, sleep, Sleep, O sister mine; One eye go to sleep, Close that eye of thine.”
The sister went to sleep, and Márya Tsarévna stood up, went to her dear dun cow, bowed down to the right foot, and ate, and drank, and went about all day long like a princess.
In the evening she woke up her sister and said: “Get up, sister; get up, dearest; and we will go home.”
“Oh! oh! oh!” her sister whimpered, “I have been asleep all day long and have not seen anything, and mother will be so angry!”
When they got home, the stepmother asked: “What was it Márya Tsarévna ate and drank?”
“I did not see anything.”
So the witch scolded her, and next day sent the two-eyed sister with Márya. “Go,” she said, “and see what she eats and drinks.”
And the girls came to the heath, and Márya Tsarévna said, “Come, little sister, I will find a cushion for your head.” So she went to search, and whispered to herself:
“Sleep, my sister, sleep, Sleep, O sister mine; Two-eyes go to sleep, Close both eyes of thine.”
Two-eyes went to sleep, and Márya Tsarévna bowed down as before, to the right foot of the cow, and looked like a princess all day long. In the evening she roused Two-eyes; and if the stepmother was angry before, she was much angrier this time.
So next day she sent Three-eyes, and Márya Tsarévna sent her to sleep in the same way; only she forgot the third eye, and that went on looking and looking at what Márya Tsarévna did. For she ran to her dun cow’s right foot, bowed down, and ate, and drank, and went about all day long splendidly attired.
And when she got home she laid the dry crust on the table. And the mother asked the daughter what Márya Tsarévna had eaten and drunk. Three-eyes told her everything; and the witch ordered the dun cow to be slain.
“You must be mad, woman,” said the Tsar, “it’s quite a young heifer and so beautiful!”
“I tell you,” said the stepmother, “it must be done”; and the old Tsar consented.
But Márya Tsarévna asked him: “Father, do at least give me a little tiny bit out of the cow!”
The old man gave her the piece, and she planted it; and a bush with sweet berries grew up, with little birds singing on it, singing songs fit for kings and peasants.
Now Iván Tsarévich had heard of Márya Tsarévna, went to her stepmother, laid a bowl on the table, and said: “Whichever of the maidens brings me the bowl full of berries, I will marry.”
So the mother sent One-eye to get the berries. But the birds drove her away from the bush and almost pecked out her one eye; and so with Two-eyes and Three-eyes. At last Márya Tsarévna had to go. Márya Tsarévna took the bowl and gathered the berries, and the little birds helped her in the task. When she got home she put the bowl on the table and bowed down to Iván Tsarévich. So Iván Tsarévich took Márya Tsarévna to be his wife, and they celebrated a merry wedding and lived a happy life.
But, after a while, Márya Tsarévna bore a son. She wanted to show him to her father, and, together with her husband, went to visit him. Then the stepmother turned her into a goose, and decked her eldest daughter as though she were the wife of Iván Tsarévich. And Iván Tsarévich returned home.
The old man, who tended the children, got up early in the morning, washed himself clean, took the child on his arm and went out to the field, to the bush in the field. Grey geese were flying over it.
“Geese, ye grey ones, where is the baby’s mother?”
“In the next flock!”
Then the next flock came by.
“Geese, ye grey ones, where is the baby’s mother?”
Then the baby’s mother came to them, threw off her feathers, and gave her little child the breast, and began weeping:
“For this one day I may come, and to-morrow, but the next day I must fly away over the woods and over the hills.”
The old man went back home, and the boy slept all day long, until next morning, and did not wake up. The false wife was angry with him for taking the child into the fields where it must be much too cold.
But next morning the old man again got up very early, washed himself clean, and took the child into the field. Iván Tsarévich followed him secretly and hid in the bush. Then the grey geese began soaring by.
“Geese, ye grey ones, where is the baby’s mother?”
“In the next flock!”
Then the next flock came by.
“Geese, ye grey ones, where is the baby’s mother?”
Then the baby’s mother came to them, threw off her feathers, and gave her little child the breast, and began weeping: “For this one day I may come, but to-morrow I must fly away over the woods and over the hills.”
Then she asked: “What do I smell there?” and wanted to put on her feathers again, but could not find them anywhere.
Iván Tsarévich had burnt them. He seized hold of Márya Tsarévna, but she turned first into a frog, then into a lizard, and into all sorts of insects, and last of all into a spindle. Iván Tsarévich took the spindle and broke it in halves, threw the dull end behind him and the sharp one in front; and his beautiful young wife stood in front of him, and they went home.
Then the daughter of the witch cried out: “The destroyer and the wicked woman have come.”
But Iván Tsarévich assembled all the Princes and the _boyárs_, and he asked them: “With which wife shall I live?”
They said: “With the first.”
But he answered, “My lords, whichever wife leaps quickest to the door shall remain with me.”
So the witch’s daughter climbed up at once, but Márya Tsarévna clung on. Then Iván Tsarévich took his gun and shot the substitute wife, and lived happy ever after with Márya Tsarévna.
Moral of the Story
Goodness and perseverance will ultimately triumph over evil and deceit, even when faced with powerful magic.
Characters
Márya Tsarévna ★ protagonist
Implied to be beautiful, as she looks like a princess when dressed up.
Attire: Initially shabby clothes, transformed into splendid attire by the Dun Cow; later, a goose's feathers, then a frog, lizard, insects, and a spindle. Finally, her beautiful human form.
Obedient, resourceful, enduring, loving (towards her child).
The Stepmother ⚔ antagonist
Not explicitly described, but her nature implies a harsh or sinister appearance.
Attire: Not explicitly described, but likely appropriate for a Tsarítsa, albeit a wicked one.
Cruel, jealous, cunning, wicked.
The Dun Cow ◆ supporting
A young, beautiful heifer with dun-colored hide.
Attire: Its natural hide.
Magical, benevolent, protective (towards Márya Tsarévna).
One-eye ○ minor
Has only one eye.
Attire: Implied to be peasant-like, or at least not splendid.
Obedient (to her mother), easily tricked, ineffective.
Two-eyes ○ minor
Has two eyes.
Attire: Implied to be peasant-like, or at least not splendid.
Obedient (to her mother), easily tricked, ineffective.
Three-eyes ○ minor
Has three eyes.
Attire: Implied to be peasant-like, or at least not splendid.
Obedient (to her mother), observant (due to the third eye), cunning.
Iván Tsarévich ★ protagonist
Not explicitly described, but implied to be a suitable prince.
Attire: Princely attire, appropriate for a Tsarévich.
Determined, clever, loving (towards Márya Tsarévna), just.
The Old Man (Tending the Children) ◆ supporting
An old man.
Attire: Simple, functional clothing for a caretaker.
Caring, observant, loyal.
Locations

The Heath
An open, uncultivated area where Márya Tsarévna takes the dun cow to graze. It's a place of transformation and secret nourishment.
Mood: Initially desolate, then secretly magical and abundant for Márya Tsarévna; later a place of surveillance and deception.
Márya Tsarévna secretly transforms into a princess and eats/drinks abundantly with the dun cow's help, while her stepsisters are lulled to sleep.

The Bush with Sweet Berries
A magical bush that grows from a piece of the dun cow, bearing sweet berries and hosting singing birds. It's a place of beauty and natural magic.
Mood: Enchanting, harmonious, protective.
Márya Tsarévna gathers berries from this bush, proving her worth to Iván Tsarévich and leading to their marriage. Later, it becomes a secret meeting place for Márya Tsarévna and her child.

The Field (near the bush)
An open field where the old man takes Márya Tsarévna's child. It is near the magical bush and is a place where grey geese fly overhead.
Mood: Melancholy, secretive, hopeful.
Márya Tsarévna, in goose form, secretly reunites with her child here. Iván Tsarévich discovers the truth of his wife's transformation and intervenes.

Iván Tsarévich's Home
The residence of Iván Tsarévich, where the false wife resides and where the final confrontation takes place.
Mood: Initially deceived and tense, then confrontational and ultimately triumphant.
Iván Tsarévich exposes the witch's daughter and reaffirms Márya Tsarévna as his true wife, leading to the false wife's demise.
Story DNA
Moral
Goodness and perseverance will ultimately triumph over evil and deceit, even when faced with powerful magic.
Plot Summary
Márya Tsarévna, a Tsar's daughter, suffers under a wicked stepmother who sends her to herd a magical dun cow. The cow provides Márya with sustenance and fine clothes, a secret discovered by the three-eyed stepsister. After the cow is slain, Márya plants a piece of it, which grows into a magical berry bush. Iván Tsarévich marries Márya after she alone can gather berries from the bush. Later, the stepmother transforms Márya into a goose, replacing her with her own daughter. Iván Tsarévich discovers the truth, burns Márya's goose feathers, and after a series of magical transformations, restores her to human form, ultimately choosing her and dispatching the imposter.
Themes
Emotional Arc
suffering to triumph
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
This tale is part of the Afanas'ev collection, a significant compilation of Russian folk tales, reflecting common motifs and narrative structures found in Slavic folklore.
Plot Beats (15)
- Tsar marries a witch after his first wife dies, leaving his daughter Márya Tsarévna with a cruel stepmother and three stepsisters (one-eyed, two-eyed, three-eyed).
- Stepmother sends Márya to herd a dun cow with only a dry crust, but Márya discovers the cow's magic: bowing to its right foot provides splendid clothes, food, and drink.
- Stepmother sends One-eye to spy; Márya sings a lullaby to put her to sleep, then enjoys the cow's magic.
- Stepmother sends Two-eyes to spy; Márya sings a lullaby to put her to sleep, then enjoys the cow's magic.
- Stepmother sends Three-eyes to spy; Márya sings a lullaby, but forgets the third eye, which witnesses Márya's magic with the cow.
- Three-eyes reports Márya's secret; the stepmother orders the dun cow to be slain, despite the Tsar's reluctance.
- Márya asks for a piece of the cow, plants it, and it grows into a magical bush with sweet berries and singing birds.
- Iván Tsarévich arrives, seeking a wife, and declares he will marry whoever brings him a bowl of berries from the bush.
- The stepsisters try to gather berries but are driven away by the birds; Márya gathers them easily with the birds' help and marries Iván Tsarévich.
- Márya gives birth to a son; when visiting her father, the stepmother transforms Márya into a goose and replaces her with her eldest daughter.
- An old man tending the child discovers Márya, as a goose, visiting her baby at the berry bush, lamenting her temporary human form.
- Iván Tsarévich secretly follows the old man, witnesses Márya's transformation, and burns her goose feathers.
- Márya transforms through various animals (frog, lizard, insects) and finally into a spindle; Iván Tsarévich breaks the spindle, and she reappears as herself.
- Iván Tsarévich gathers nobles and asks which wife he should keep; he then sets a test, and shoots the imposter stepdaughter.
- Márya Tsarévna and Iván Tsarévich live happily ever after.





