SYBILLA, MYRTILLO, and FURIOSO
by Burton Mrs. Harrison · from The Old-Fashioned Fairy Book
Adapted Version
A kind princess lived. Her name was Lily. She had a good heart. She wanted a brave, smart hero. Lily was a good princess. She was very kind to all. She smiled at everyone.
A very big, grumpy giant lived nearby. His name was Growl. He saw Princess Lily. He wanted to marry her. The King did not want this.
The King said no to Growl. Growl was very angry. He stomped his big feet. He made a big wind blow. Things got messy. He took Lily away. The King and The Queen were sad. They missed their dear girl.
The King and The Queen looked for Lily. They looked far and wide. They learned about Growl. He could look like a nice old man. This was a trick. He was not truly kind.
Later, three princes went on a trip. They rode their fast horses. They found a small bird. The bird had a note. Lily wrote the note. She was in Growl’s mountain. She needed help.
The princes went to the big mountain. They hid behind big rocks. They watched Growl. He said a magic word. The mountain opened a secret door. He went inside. The door closed fast.
The First Prince said the magic word. He was very brave. He went into the mountain. But he got lost. He could not come back. He was gone.
The Second Prince went next. He said the magic word too. He went inside. He also got lost. He could not come back.
Sam was the youngest prince. He was very smart. Sam said the word. He went into the mountain. He saw many trumpets. He chose a copper one. He blew it loud. A clear sound filled the air.
A big door opened. Sam saw a big snake. It had big, green eyes. He was clever. He made the big snake go away. He found a key. He opened a new door. He moved very fast.
Sam found Princess Lily. She was happy to see him. She smiled a big smile. She told him about Growl’s unkind ways. She told him about two magic water springs. One gave strength. One made you weak. This was a big secret.
Growl came back soon. He was very grumpy. Lily told Sam what to do. "Drink the strong water," she said. "Then change the springs! Be quick!"
Sam drank the strong water. He felt very, very strong. He moved the springs quickly. Growl came. He drank the weak water. He did not know the trick.
Growl became very small and weak. He could not stand tall. "What did you do?" he cried. Sam made the giant go away! Growl was gone for good.
Sam and Lily used the strong water. They helped the two princes. They helped all the caught people too. All were happy and well again! They cheered for Sam and Lily.
Lily went home with Sam. Sam brought many good things from the mountain. Lily married Sam. They were very happy. All lived happy ever after. All knew smart and kind was best. This was a good lesson.
Original Story
SYBILLA, MYRTILLO, AND FURIOSO.
ACERTAIN king had a beautiful golden-haired daughter named Sybilla, whose suitors came from every country, though with small success, since the princess had vowed to remain single until one proving to be the mightiest hero of the world should appear.
At no great distance from her father's country lived a horrible giant, every hair of whose head could change, at will, into a fiery serpent. He had one eye, the size of a mill-wheel, and his teeth looked like rocks in a mighty cavern. His name was Furioso, and his strength was known to surpass that of an army of ordinary men. What was the dismay of Sybilla's father when this monster sent to request the lovely princess for his wife! The king turned pale, and walked up and down his palace floor all night, for he knew what it meant to refuse the request of Furioso, who, up to this time, had lived at peace with his neighbor's country. The queen-mother, hearing of the giant's offer, took to her royal bed in kicking hysterics. As to the proud little princess, she curled her pretty red lips scornfully and tossed her head. "I'd like to see him do it, the fright!" was what she said.
In a few days what the king feared had come to pass. The giant Furioso, on receiving the beautiful diplomatic letter the king's secretary had written him (after consultation with all the lords and lawyers of the realm), frowned, scratched his head, which instantly bristled all over with flaming serpents, and opening his mouth sent forth a blood-curdling yell of defiance that resounded in the farthest part of the king's dominions. Without a moment's delay he changed himself into a fearful hurricane, and swept over the country and the palace of the Princess Sybilla. Fences and iron gates, stone walls and marble palaces fell to the ground like card-houses. Forests were uprooted, suspension bridges snapped like cobwebs, villages entire rose up into the clouds and disappeared, with their inhabitants looking in astonishment out of the windows! Cows and horses, dogs and elephants were seen whirling about in the air like Japanese day-fireworks. The king and queen found the roof lifted from above their heads, and went sailing out the open space in their nightcaps. They met all the court blowing wildly about up there, and for some time it was like a mad dance without any bottom to it. Dizzy and terrified, the royal couple at last fell down to earth again, the queen lighting on the fat cook, so that she was not seriously injured—the king falling on a tennis net, which the force of the wind kept suspended like a hammock without any ropes.
Picking themselves up, the first thought of the royal couple was for their beloved princess. As fast as different members of the court and household fell down from the clouds, which they continued to do all the evening and night, the king sent them in search of the princess. Nobody remembered having seen Sybilla anywhere in the air, and her waiting-maid, who dropped somewhere about nine o'clock A.M., next day, wept as she told how she was combing the princess' golden hair with the ivory comb she still held in her hand, when the breeze came which separated them. One thing was certain, the princess had disappeared. When things settled down a little, and people began taking their breath, a peasant turned up who reported seeing the princess flying along at a fearful rate of speed in the arms of a tall, white-haired man wrapped in a mantle, who hid his face as he passed. "It were just at that moment, your honors," said the peasant, overwhelmed by the questions that rained on him, "I were myself tooken, unexpected-like, and turned upside down by the wind; and when I cum to, there I were atop a haystack in Farmer Grimes' field, five miles from home as the crow flies, a-standing on my head."
The king and queen exchanged horrified glances.
Each remembered to have heard that one of the tricks of Giant Furioso, when he wished to be particularly wicked, was to change to the semblance of a venerable white-haired man. No doubt about it, the whole calamity to court and nation was the work of Furioso, and he had got the princess.
The distracted king set out at the head of his army to visit Furioso's castle. To his surprise, under the giant's name, upon a visiting card inserted above the speaking-trumpet at the gate, were pencilled these words: "Out of town till further notice." The windows were closed, and green shades hung behind them. No smoke came out of the chimneys, and the doors were chained. Evidently the giant had retired to some one of his retreats, where he could not be followed. The king and his army marched back again in gloomy silence.
For six months nothing was heard of the unfortunate Sybilla, till one day three young princes, travelling from a distant country in search of adventure, found a wounded carrier-pigeon on the road. Under its wing was a note, written in pale red ink, on a bit of torn linen cambric. The note gave them considerable trouble to read it, but, at last, the youngest prince, Myrtillo, who had always been the cleverest at school, managed to decipher these words:
"I write this with blood taken from my finger, on a fragment of my only pocket-handkerchief. I am the wretched Princess Sybilla, daughter of the King Rolando, and I pray any kind mortal who finds this to come to my aid, in the dungeon of Furioso, under the fifth mountain of the Impassable Range. Once in twenty-four hours this mountain cleaves asunder to let my oppressor take the air. Watch, and rescue me, in the name of humanity."
The Impassable Range was far away, but the princes journeyed thither without delay. They found the fifth mountain easily, and hid under the rocks at its base, to await developments. Exactly at sunrise a rumbling sound was heard, and the cliffs shook. The mountain split apart from summit to base, and between two yawning jaws of rock issued forth, first, a head covered with flaming serpents, then a frightful purple face, and lastly, the gigantic form of Furioso. Following him came the wails and shrieks of his captives within the mountain, to which Furioso paid no attention; he only turned his back and shouted:
"Close you, mountain, fierce and grim,
Open but to Banbedrim!"
The princes fancied that this last was the password, and when the giant had disappeared they tried to make the mountain open by repeating it; but in his excitement each one forgot how to pronounce the magic syllables. So there they stayed till sunset, when the giant came home from his hunting expedition. He had a pouch slung over his shoulder, and in it were crowded the new men, women, and children he had caught. The poor creatures were half dead with terror and rough treatment. The princes watched the giant, and listened with all their ears for the password. "Banbedrim!" thundered Furioso, and instantly the mountain yawned to let him and his miserable prisoners pass in, when it closed, as before.
The three princes laid each his hand on his sword, and swore to be avenged of the brutal treatment of their fellow-beings. Next morning when the giant issued forth, hurling the password at the mountain, then disappeared from sight, the oldest prince declared that he should be the first to enter the mountain, that his brothers should wait twenty-four hours for his reappearance, and that should he fail to come back the second brother might come to his assistance.
Bravely the young man sprang up the mountain-side, and called aloud the password. Instantly amid thunderings and lightnings the ground split at his feet and swallowed him from sight. They could see the tip of his bright sword held aloft, as he sank into the gloomy abyss.
Twenty-four hours passed, and the oldest prince failed to return. Then the second brother set forth, and he, too, vanished from sight. A long day and night of waiting had the youngest prince. Then he ascended the mountain where there was every reason to fear his brothers had found a horrible fate. Uttering the password, Myrtillo saw, through the opening earth at his feet, a pit whence came fire and smoke; and he plainly heard the cries for help of many human voices.
Myrtillo fell a great distance, landing on his feet in a desolate cavern. The smoke cleared away and he beheld a huge iron door before which were four trumpets—one of copper, one of silver, one of gold, and one of brass. Over them these words: "He who would enter here, choose between us four."
At the foot of the golden trumpet lay the mangled remains of his oldest brother, who had perished in trying to blow it. At the foot of the silver trumpet the corpse of the second prince had fallen; and now Myrtillo must choose between the two remaining trumpets! Without a moment's hesitation he put his lips to the copper trumpet, and gave a loud, clear blast. At once the iron door flew open, and he was in a hall surrounded by dungeons, through whose gratings he could see prisoners in every stage of misery. They called to him frantically, and hailed him as their deliverer. Alas! what could the poor prince do to save them. He looked about and saw a long tunnel, ending in a massive gate of stone and iron. As he gazed into the darkness of the tunnel something coiled up at the end of it seemed to stir, and a hideous snake darted toward him, opening a pair of jaws as wide as an ordinary fireplace, and sending out a flaming tongue. Myrtillo charged upon the beast, and after a desperate fight drove his sword down its throat, the point coming out at the back of the neck. As he stooped to free his sword the serpent gave a convulsive struggle and died. Myrtillo found a chain around its neck on which was fastened a golden key. He took the key and put it in the great key-hole of the iron door before him, and to his joy the door opened. There, in a dismal dungeon within, lay a beautiful maiden in chains. Myrtillo set her free, and found that she was the Princess Sybilla, whom the giant treated with especial cruelty because she persisted in refusing his love. She told him that the little pigeon was one of many kept for the serpent's food, and that she had hidden it, and helped it to fly out one day when the giant left her cell. "And now," said the princess, when Myrtillo had in turn told her his story, "let us be quick, and lose no time. In the court beyond my cell are two fountains. One of them contains the water of strength, the other the water of weakness. From the former fountain Furioso gains all his power. A little of its water sprinkled upon the dead recalls them to life, and we may save your poor brothers yet."
Myrtillo and the lady hastened to the fountains; but to their dismay a roaring noise and the groans of the wretched prisoners, who were chastised daily upon his return, announced the arrival of the giant. "Quick!" said the lady, pointing to the water of strength; "drink once of this, and you will be strong enough to change the fountains, putting each in the place of the other."
Myrtillo obeyed, and at once felt able to move a mountain at command. He seized the solid stone basins and changed them, and hardly had he done so when the giant came rushing in. "Where is that insolent whipper-snapper of a prince who has dared to kill my faithful serpent?" roared he.
"Here he is, at your service," said Myrtillo, stepping forth with a gallant bow, and holding his glittering sword in hand.
"Just wait till I quench my thirst," said the giant disdainfully, as he stooped down to what he supposed to be his fountain of strength, and drank a long, deep draught. Suddenly a strange trembling came over the monster's huge bulk. His face turned pale, his eyes stared, his jaw dropped, he sank to the ground.
"Why, this is the water of weakness my prisoners drink," he cried. "What trick have you been playing me, you scoundrel?"
Myrtillo again drank of the water of strength, and now he felt as if he could defy an army, single-handed. Swift as a lightning flash he descended upon the giant, and severed his wicked head from his body. The Princess Sybilla uttered a wild shriek of delight, which was heard and understood by all her fellow-captives, and the dungeons echoed with sobs and cries of joy. Myrtillo and the princess filled goblets with the water of strength, and hastened to sprinkle all the prisoners, who, paralyzed by their chains and wasted with hunger, could in many cases barely stir upon the ground where they lay. Soon, a host of strong men and women filled the main hall of the dungeon, and then Myrtillo had the joy of seeing his two brothers return to life under the action of the magic water, in which he bathed their limbs. As Myrtillo only had drank of the water of strength, he remained the strongest champion in the world; and when Sybilla was taken back to her father and mother, she told them that she had promised to take the Prince Myrtillo for her husband. From the giant's stronghold Myrtillo brought away gems and gold enough to enrich him for a lifetime, even after all the giant's victims had been sent home with a bag of gold apiece. His brothers found brides in two lovely fellow-sufferers they had led out of the giant's cavern to the light of day; and so all were satisfied, and in a short time the Giant Furioso was forgotten. No more hurricanes visited the kingdom of Sybilla's father, where things continued to jog along in the old-time peaceful fashion.
Story DNA
Moral
True strength lies not just in physical might, but in cleverness, courage, and compassion.
Plot Summary
Princess Sybilla, who seeks the world's mightiest hero, is abducted by the terrifying giant Furioso after her father refuses his marriage proposal. Furioso, capable of shapeshifting and immense destruction, imprisons Sybilla in a magical mountain. Three princes discover Sybilla's plea for help, but only the youngest and cleverest, Myrtillo, successfully navigates the mountain's perils, defeats a guardian serpent, and rescues the princess. Guided by Sybilla, Myrtillo uses a magical trick to switch the giant's fountains of strength and weakness, leading to Furioso's easy defeat. Myrtillo then revives his fallen brothers and all other prisoners, returning Sybilla to her kingdom and marrying her, bringing peace and prosperity.
Themes
Emotional Arc
suffering to triumph
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
This story, published in 1880, reflects Victorian-era fairy tale sensibilities, often featuring clear good-vs-evil narratives and heroic quests.
Plot Beats (16)
- Princess Sybilla, known for her beauty, vows to marry only the world's mightiest hero.
- The giant Furioso, a terrifying monster, demands Sybilla's hand in marriage.
- Upon the king's refusal, Furioso transforms into a hurricane, destroying the kingdom and abducting Sybilla.
- The king and queen search for Sybilla, learning that Furioso can disguise himself as a white-haired man.
- Six months later, three princes find a carrier-pigeon with Sybilla's message, detailing her captivity in Furioso's mountain dungeon.
- The princes travel to the Impassable Range and observe Furioso using a password, "Banbedrim," to enter and exit his mountain lair.
- The oldest prince attempts to enter the mountain, but perishes, swallowed by the earth.
- The second prince follows, also perishing in the mountain.
- Myrtillo, the youngest and cleverest, enters the mountain, navigates a cavern with four trumpets, and chooses the correct copper one.
- Myrtillo finds a massive iron door, defeats a giant serpent guarding it, and uses the serpent's key to open the door.
- Myrtillo discovers and frees Princess Sybilla, who explains Furioso's cruelty and the existence of two magical fountains: one of strength and one of weakness.
- Furioso returns, and Sybilla instructs Myrtillo to drink from the water of strength and then switch the fountains.
- Myrtillo drinks the water, gains immense strength, and switches the fountains just before Furioso drinks from the now-weakening fountain.
- Weakened, Furioso is easily defeated and beheaded by Myrtillo.
- Myrtillo and Sybilla use the water of strength to revive the two princes and all of Furioso's other prisoners.
- Sybilla returns home and marries Myrtillo, who brings riches from the giant's lair and ensures all victims are compensated, bringing lasting peace to the kingdom.
Characters
Sybilla ★ protagonist
A beautiful young woman with a slender build and fair complexion. Her beauty is a key aspect of her character, attracting suitors and the giant's unwanted attention.
Attire: Initially, she would wear fine, perhaps European-style, court dresses of the era, likely made of silk or brocade in rich colors. While imprisoned, her clothing would be reduced to tattered linen or simple, drab garments, as indicated by her using a 'fragment of my only pocket-handkerchief' for a note.
Wants: To remain single until a truly mighty hero appears, to escape Furioso, and to be free.
Flaw: Her initial pride makes her underestimate the danger of Furioso. Her physical vulnerability against the giant.
Transforms from a proud, somewhat naive princess to a resilient and resourceful survivor who actively contributes to her own rescue and the defeat of her oppressor. She learns to value true heroism over mere strength.
Proud, scornful (initially), resilient, resourceful (sending the pigeon message), determined, grateful, intelligent.
Image Prompt & Upload
A young woman with long, wavy golden hair flowing down her back, a delicate face with red lips, and bright, determined eyes. She wears a tattered, simple cream linen dress, indicative of long imprisonment, but her posture is upright and hopeful. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Myrtillo ★ protagonist
A young man of heroic build, strong and agile. His strength is enhanced by the water of strength, allowing him to perform superhuman feats.
Attire: As a prince, he would wear fine, practical traveling attire suitable for adventure, perhaps a tunic and breeches of wool or linen, with a sturdy cloak. Upon entering the dungeon, he would be in his fighting clothes, likely leather or reinforced fabric, with his sword at his side.
Wants: To find adventure, to rescue the princess, to save his brothers, and to prove himself a hero.
Flaw: Initially, he is physically weaker than the giant, requiring the water of strength to overcome him. His compassion could be seen as a weakness by some, but it ultimately serves him.
Transforms from a clever but untested prince into the 'strongest champion in the world' and a true hero, fulfilling Sybilla's vow and winning her hand. He learns the importance of courage, intelligence, and compassion.
Clever, brave, determined, compassionate (saving prisoners), heroic, decisive.
Image Prompt & Upload
A young man with a determined expression, short brown hair, and sharp blue eyes. He wears a practical dark green tunic over a cream linen shirt, brown breeches, and sturdy leather boots. A silver-hilted, glittering sword is held firmly in his right hand, pointed downwards. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Furioso ⚔ antagonist
A horrible giant of immense bulk and strength, far surpassing an army of ordinary men. His size is emphasized by his single eye being the size of a mill-wheel and his teeth like rocks.
Attire: No specific clothing is mentioned, implying his monstrous form is his primary appearance. If he wears anything, it would be rudimentary, perhaps a rough hide or simple, oversized garment that doesn't detract from his monstrous features.
Wants: To take Sybilla as his wife, to assert his dominance and power, to cause destruction.
Flaw: His arrogance and overconfidence, which lead him to drink from the wrong fountain. His reliance on the water of strength for his power.
Remains static in his villainy until his sudden and complete downfall, brought about by his own arrogance and Myrtillo's cleverness.
Cruel, arrogant, demanding, easily angered, deceptive (changing into a venerable man), powerful, disdainful.
Image Prompt & Upload
A monstrous giant with immense bulk, a single eye the size of a mill-wheel, and teeth like jagged rocks. His head is covered in writhing, flaming serpents instead of hair. He has a pale, angry face and a dropped jaw. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
King Rolando ◆ supporting
A regal man, likely of average height and build, but showing signs of age and stress. He is described as turning pale from fear.
Attire: Initially, royal attire, likely rich robes of silk or velvet with embroidered details, a crown or circlet. During the hurricane, he is seen in his nightcap, implying nightclothes.
Wants: To protect his daughter and his kingdom from Furioso.
Flaw: His fear of Furioso's power, which makes him hesitant to refuse the giant directly.
Experiences profound distress and helplessness, but ultimately finds relief and joy in his daughter's return and marriage to a true hero.
Worried, protective (of Sybilla), diplomatic (sending the letter), distressed, determined (leading his army).
Image Prompt & Upload
An adult man with a worried expression, a short beard, and thinning hair, wearing a simple white nightcap. He is dressed in a plain, long white nightshirt. His posture is slightly hunched with concern. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Queen-Mother ◆ supporting
No specific details, but she is described as landing on the 'fat cook' without serious injury, suggesting she is not overly large or frail.
Attire: Initially, royal attire, likely elaborate gowns of silk or brocade, with jewels. During the hurricane, she is seen in her nightcap, implying nightclothes.
Wants: To protect her daughter and avoid the giant's wrath.
Flaw: Her emotional fragility and tendency towards hysterics in the face of crisis.
Experiences profound distress and helplessness, but ultimately finds relief and joy in her daughter's return.
Dramatic, prone to hysterics, terrified, loving (of Sybilla).
Image Prompt & Upload
An adult woman with a terrified expression, her hair covered by a simple white nightcap. She wears a plain, long white nightgown. Her posture is disoriented and slightly slumped. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Oldest Prince ○ minor
A young man, likely strong and princely in appearance, but ultimately not as clever or fortunate as Myrtillo. His remains are described as 'mangled'.
Attire: Princely traveling attire, similar to Myrtillo's, but perhaps more ornate, befitting an older brother.
Wants: To rescue the princess and prove his heroism.
Flaw: His choice of the golden trumpet, leading to his demise. Lack of the specific cleverness Myrtillo possesses.
Dies in his attempt to rescue the princess, but is later revived by Myrtillo.
Brave, but perhaps overconfident or lacking the specific insight needed.
Image Prompt & Upload
A young man with a determined but ultimately defeated expression, dressed in fine but slightly disheveled princely attire, lying at the base of a large, ornate golden trumpet. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Second Prince ○ minor
A young man, likely strong and princely in appearance, similar to his brothers. His corpse is found at the foot of the silver trumpet.
Attire: Princely traveling attire, similar to Myrtillo's, perhaps less ornate than the oldest brother's.
Wants: To rescue the princess and prove his heroism.
Flaw: His choice of the silver trumpet, leading to his demise. Lack of the specific cleverness Myrtillo possesses.
Dies in his attempt to rescue the princess, but is later revived by Myrtillo.
Brave, but also lacking the specific insight needed.
Image Prompt & Upload
A young man with a determined but ultimately defeated expression, dressed in fine but slightly disheveled princely attire, lying at the base of a large, ornate silver trumpet. Plain white background, full body visible head to toe, single figure, no watermark, no text, no signature.
Locations
King Rolando's Palace
A grand royal residence, likely of European medieval style, with stone walls and marble elements, initially intact before being ravaged by the giant's hurricane form.
Mood: Initially anxious and regal, then chaotic and terrifying during the giant's attack.
The king paces in fear of Furioso's demand; the palace is utterly destroyed by Furioso's hurricane form, scattering the royal court.
Image Prompt & Upload
A medieval European palace courtyard, with large, rough-hewn stone blocks forming the walls and a grand archway. The sky above is a swirling maelstrom of dark, bruised purples and greys, with lightning flashes illuminating debris like broken timber and shattered roof tiles being violently torn from the structure. Trees in the background are bent double and stripped of leaves by an invisible, immense force. no border, no frame, no watermark, no text, no signature, edge-to-edge illustration.
The Fifth Mountain of the Impassable Range
A formidable, rocky mountain within a distant, impassable range, characterized by its ability to cleave asunder at sunrise, revealing a hidden entrance.
Mood: Foreboding, mysterious, and dangerous, with an underlying sense of ancient power.
The princes discover the mountain and witness it splitting open, revealing the giant's lair; Myrtillo enters the abyss.
Image Prompt & Upload
A colossal, jagged mountain peak, its craggy grey rock faces streaked with ancient snow and dark fissures. At its base, massive boulders and scree fields are scattered. The sky above is just beginning to lighten with the first pale orange and pink hues of dawn, casting long, deep blue shadows across the rugged terrain. A faint, ominous rumbling emanates from within the mountain itself. no border, no frame, no watermark, no text, no signature, edge-to-edge illustration.
Furioso's Desolate Cavern and Dungeon Complex
A vast, desolate underground cavern leading to a complex of dungeons, characterized by smoke, fire, iron doors, and a long, dark tunnel.
Mood: Gloomy, oppressive, terrifying, filled with despair and the stench of misery.
Myrtillo navigates the giant's traps, defeats the serpent, frees Sybilla, and ultimately defeats Furioso by tricking him with the fountains of strength and weakness.
Image Prompt & Upload
A vast, subterranean cavern with rough-hewn, dark grey rock walls dripping with moisture. Wisps of acrid smoke drift through the air, illuminated by the faint, flickering glow of distant fires from deeper pits. In the foreground, a massive, rusted iron door with heavy bolts stands imposing, flanked by ancient, eroded stone pillars. The ground is uneven, covered in loose scree and stagnant puddles. no border, no frame, no watermark, no text, no signature, edge-to-edge illustration.