PRÓLOGO
by Ovid · from Metamorfóseos o Transformaciones (1 de 4)
Adapted Version
Hello, little reader! Do you like stories? I have some old stories. They are very special. I share them today.
Ovid the Poet wrote these tales. He made old stories new. His words danced. He told them very well.
But Ovid the Poet used many words. At times, he used too many. Like a painter adds much color. But he also told bright stories. They were full of life.
Think of a painter. He paints a picture. Then he paints more and more. The first good idea gets lost. It is hard to see.
Too much is not always good. Like honey, you taste a little. You do not eat it all. A small bit is sweet. You like it this way.
Ovid the Poet's book is not perfect. But children like it very much. It is a good book. It helps young poets think of new things. Artists learn from these tales.
Ovid the Poet wrote this book when young. He was a young man. He could not change it later. Many people had copies. So it stayed the same.
At times Ovid the Poet wrote too many words. But his book is full of ideas. So many ideas!
Painters and artists need these stories. They use them to tell new tales. They make pictures with them. A strong hero can show strength. A sky king can show power. These are big ideas. Ovid's book has magic changes. Artists love these pretend ideas. They help them think. The flying boy shows us danger. The boy who looked shows us pride. These tales teach us about people. They show feelings. Ovid's book is a treasure chest. It has lots of details. It gives many ideas to artists. I write these stories in simple words. So all people can know them well. It is for you. I hope you like these stories. They are for you, little reader. They are special.
And that is why these old stories are good. They help us think and make new things. They help us know the world. Keep telling your own stories!
Original Story
PRÓLOGO.
Si hubiera de manifestar en este prólogo mi dictámen acerca del mérito poético de los Metamorfóseos ó Transformaciones de Ovidio, sospecho ganaria pocas ventajas mi crédito y gusto literario en esta parte para con algunos, que se dexan deslumbrar de los oropeles y falsas apariencias. Diria seguramente cosas nada conformes á ciertos gustos, que se saborean con manjares poco substanciosos y de mero deleyte. Diria, por exemplo, que en este Poema solo se hallan tres cosas apreciables, y aun excelentes; que son la invencion, las transiciones, y la fluidez de los versos. Ovidio ciertamente no es inventor de ninguna de las fábulas que componen sus Metamorfóseos, pues en su tiempo ya contaban algunos siglos de antigüedad; pero las ilustró, las exôrnó, y las vistió de un modo agradable y halagüeño: en una palabra, las hizo suyas, acomodólas á su designio, amenizólas con algunas circunstancias que llamasen la atencion de los lectores, las encadenó con transiciones bastante naturales, y finalmente las hizo gustosas con fáciles y fluidos versos.
Diria que Ovidio en este Poema es en exceso redundante y nimio: es recargado y prolixo: es enfadoso, y pesado en sus descripciones; y á las veces algo amigo de conceptillos y de jugar del vocablo; pero en medio de estos, que me parecen lunares, hallo golpes y pinceladas las mas maestras, y rasgos apénas imitables. Ovidio quiso decirlo todo, y no dexar libertad al lector para que pensase y discurriese. No sabe dexar el pincel de la mano, ni apartarle de la tabla, cargando y recargando mas y mas sus quadros, hasta enervar el vigor de la invencion primera. El fluxo, el arrebatado raudal de frases y palabras, que hacia esfuerzos en su imaginacion por saltar á la pluma, no podia ménos de cerrar en gran parte el paso á la fuerza poética, y á las imágenes valientes que diferencia al poeta de los meros trobadores.
Las continuas repeticiones de una cosa dicha de tres ó quatro modos, cansan á todo juicio y gusto sazonado por buena, por bien dicha que la cosa sea. La miel, decia Gorgias Tarentino, no se debe probar con toda la mano, sino con la punta del dedo. Mel non cava manu, sed summis digitis degustandum.
Diria en fin, que las Transformaciones de Ovidio, sin embargo de ser un poema que no acabó de limar, es de mucho atractivo para la juventud, y propio para formar la fantasía de buenos poetas, y mucho mas para instruir en la Mitología á los pintores y escultores. Acaso fuera un poema mas completo, si Ovidio le hubiera compuesto en sus últimos años. Forjóle en el fuego de su juventud, y por lo mismo trasladó á él todo el vigor de su imaginacion, aun no madura; y quando en su destierro quiso quemarle ó corregirle, ya no pudo, por haberse multiplicado las copias en Roma y otras partes.
Yo he formado juicio de que los buenos maestros, los buenos jueces y los buenos censores en poesía son aun mas raros que los buenos poetas, con serlo tanto estos. Igualmente he fallado para mí, que la mayor parte de los preceptistas y escritores de artes poéticas, quando han querido poner en execucion sus mismas reglas y preceptos, no han producido nada de sublime, ni aun quizá han adquirido una medianía. Quanto á lo primero, hemos visto sabios que eleváron á Estacio sobre todos los poetas latinos: otros hiciéron á Lucano superior á Virgilio. Respecto á lo segundo, será buen exemplar Julio César Escalígero, que habiéndonos dexado excelentes preceptos de poesía, nos dexó tambien poemas que corresponden bien poco á lo que debíamos esperar de aquellos juiciosos preceptos. Sobre el modelo de Escalígero se han vaciado despues innumerables poéticas; pero los versos de sus autores no parecen fruto de las reglas que prescribiéron.
Pero volviendo á la prodigalidad de Ovidio en algunos lugares de sus Transformaciones, digo, que aunque podia causar algun fastidio al leer, por exemplo, el número y afectados nombres de los perros que despedazáron á su amo Acteon (Libro III, verso 206); y aunque en pedir perdon de sus errores es Ovidio cansado y enfadoso, como vemos en sus Tristes, elegía 6, libro I; esta misma, que parece pesadez, es un nuevo raudal poético por la diversidad con que lo dice.
Déxese, pues, en su lugar el mérito poético de las Transformaciones de Ovidio, y vamos á la necesidad que tienen de ellas los profesores de pintura y escultura, para el buen desempeño de las fábulas que se les ofrece executar en sus facultades. Hace muchos siglos que las inconcusas verdades de la religion cristiana corriéron del entendimiento humano el denso velo que cubria los ojos de la gentilidad, y el enemigo comun no pudo ya tenerla mas tiempo fascinada con deidades mentidas, é inventadas á capricho de los hombres; quedó demostrada con argumentos invencibles la imposibilidad y lo absurdo de tales seres. De Júpiter que manejaba los rayos; de Juno que gobernaba los ayres; de Vénus que repartia gracias; de Marte que vencia las batallas, y de otros infinitos seres de igual clase, nada mas ha quedado que sus nombres fabulosos, y la verdadera certidumbre de que los hombres los fingiéron, y de que jamas han exîstido.
Pero los hombres sabios, aunque sobradamente desengañados de la vanidad de tales Dioses, parece no han podido alejarles totalmente de su fantasía. Les han conservado un distinguido lugar en la dramática, en la lírica, en la épica, y aun mas en la pintura y escultura. Verdad es que los profesores de estas artes solo llaman en su socorro estos fabulosos Dioses para asuntos alegóricos, comparando sus acciones, gusto, genio &c. con los de aquellas personas que quieren simbolizar baxo de los geroglíficos que llaman fábulas.
¿Se han de representar las ilustres hazañas de un héroe guerrero? Inmediatamente se piensa en Hércules, triunfador valeroso en todas sus empresas y trabajos. ¿Se debe construir una fuente magnífica, rica y abundante de aguas? Al punto viene Neptuno con su tridente, carroza de conchas, caracoles y mariscos, cortejado de Nereydas, Tritones, Delfines y demas gente de escama. Para simbolizar la liberalidad y beneficencia de un Príncipe, he aquí que sale Júpiter, dador de todos los bienes. Quando se quiere significar la integridad de un Magistrado, se pintan los tres Jueces de la casa de Pluton, y Astrea con su balanza. Marte reyna en la guerra; Mercurio en el comercio; Ceres en los campos; Amaltea con su cornucopia demuestra la abundancia; Pluton gobierna los infiernos; Saturno, que es el tiempo, lo destruye y aniquila todo con su guadaña.
Estos y otros infinitos objetos alegóricos y mitológicos enriquecen la imaginacion de los artistas; y ciertamente no tenemos escritor alguno que mejor ni con mas gracia se les inspire y sugiera que Ovidio en estas Transformaciones: no se contentó con referirnos la teogonia, ó generacion de los Dioses fabulosos, como hizo Hesiodo, sino que imitando á Partenio (poeta griego que floreció algunos años ántes que Ovidio), y á otros dos ó tres fabulistas, fraguó sus Transformaciones, unas tomadas de la Mitología antigua, ampliadas á su gusto y facundia poética, y otras acomodadas á la física y cosas naturales: bien que casi todo fingido á placer, y no solo falso, sino tambien inverosímil, y exâgerado en extremo.
Mas esta misma variedad y travesura puede fecundizar la imaginacion de los artistas y poetas en invenciones caprichosas, como sepan y puedan contenerse dentro de los límites de la congruencia y decoro. Podrán, por exemplo, representar con elegancia los errores y temeridades de la desaconsejada juventud en Faeton, Icaro, Acteon, Merope, Neso, Ariadna y Narciso; la vanidad y presuncion en Marsias y Aracnea; la detestable voracidad en Caríbdis y Licaon; la bastarda avaricia en Bato; la hospitalidad en Filemon y Baucis; la criminosa pasion en Biblis y Macreo; la detestable fiereza y crueldad en Medea; los desgraciados amores en Píramo, Tisbe y en Adonis: la imprudencia en Ascalafo; la facilidad en Danae, Leda y Europa; la horrible brutalidad en Teréo, y la constancia en Filomela &c. En suma, la lectura de las Transformaciones de Ovidio será un mineral inagotable para los artistas; y para los otros sobremanera gustosa sobre todos los libros de Mitología. Aun la misma pesadez, nimiedad y redundancia, con que procede en algunas narraciones, puede convenir á ciertos artistas de invencion remisa y obtusa, á quienes hay necesidad de mover y estimular con repeticiones y nuevos modos de significar las cosas. En efecto, se hallan algunos artistas, á quienes nada sobra por mucho que una descripcion se les repita, para que la desenvuelvan, la vistan y la exôrnen en sus diseños.
Para los artistas seria mucho mejor esta obra si se pudiese poner en verso castellano con el mismo fuego que tiene en el latino; pero esto, en mi dictámen, es poco ménos que imposible. Aun quando hubiera quien saliese con tanto empeño, se dexaria una gran parte de las bellezas que tiene en el original, y las que pasasen á la version llegarian tan débiles y cansadas, que no las conoceria el autor que las produxo; pero por otra parte les seria mas perjudicial que útil, á mi corto modo de entender; porque careciendo muchos de ellos de los principios de la poesía, cuya sintaxîs es tan agena de la que usa la prosa; ó no comprehenderian muchas veces lo que el poeta queria decir, ó lo entenderian quizá muy al reves, y en tal caso seria mayor la pérdida que la ganancia. Por esta causa he preferido esta manera de traduccion á la de los versos, procurando hacer los esfuerzos posibles para expresar con toda claridad el sentido del original: si lo he conseguido ó no lo juzgarán los sabios imparciales, á los quales, si he atinado á complacer en este trabajo, daré por bien empleados los afanes que me ha producido.
(2) Ovidio recibe de su Musa favorita una pluma arrancada de un ala del Amor.
Story DNA
Plot Summary
The author critically examines Ovid's Metamorphoses, acknowledging its strengths like invention and fluid verse, but also its weaknesses such as redundancy and prolixity. He argues that despite these flaws, the poem is invaluable for educating youth and, crucially, for inspiring painters and sculptors by providing a rich source of allegorical mythological figures and narratives. The author explains that while pagan gods are no longer worshipped, their stories offer powerful symbols for artistic expression. He concludes by justifying his choice to translate the work into clear prose, believing it will be more beneficial for artists than a verse translation.
Themes
Emotional Arc
analytical exploration
Writing Style
Narrative Elements
Cultural Context
This prologue is a critical introduction to a Spanish translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses. It reflects the literary and artistic sensibilities of its time, where classical mythology was still a cornerstone of education and artistic inspiration, even within a predominantly Christian society. The discussion of translation choices highlights the challenges of rendering classical poetry into modern languages while preserving its essence and utility.
Plot Beats (16)
- The author states his intention to critically evaluate Ovid's Metamorphoses, expecting some readers to disagree with his assessment.
- He identifies Ovid's strengths as invention (of presentation, not original fables), transitions, and fluid verse, while noting the ancient origin of the fables.
- The author criticizes Ovid for being redundant, verbose, tedious in descriptions, and occasionally fond of wordplay, yet acknowledges moments of brilliance.
- He compares Ovid's over-description to a painter who cannot stop adding to a canvas, weakening the initial invention.
- The author quotes Gorgias Tarentino about tasting honey with a fingertip, implying Ovid's excess is tiresome.
- He concludes that Ovid's Metamorphoses, though unpolished, is attractive to youth, good for forming poets' imaginations, and excellent for instructing artists in mythology.
- The author laments that Ovid composed the work in his youth and couldn't revise it later due to widespread copies.
- He reflects on the rarity of good literary critics and the frequent failure of poetic theorists to produce great works themselves, citing Scaliger as an example.
- Returning to Ovid's prodigality, the author acknowledges tedious passages (like Actaeon's dogs) but notes Ovid's varied expression can still be a poetic fount.
- The author transitions to the necessity of Ovid's work for painters and sculptors, explaining that while Christian religion dispelled pagan gods, these figures persist in art as allegorical symbols.
- He provides numerous examples of how mythological figures (Hercules, Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, etc.) are used to symbolize virtues, actions, and natural phenomena in art.
- The author emphasizes that Ovid, more than Hesiod, inspires artists with his varied and imaginative transformations, even if they are fictional and exaggerated.
- He suggests that Ovid's tales of Phaeton, Icarus, Narcissus, Medea, Pyramus, and others can elegantly represent human errors, passions, and virtues for artists.
- The author argues that Ovid's work is an inexhaustible resource for artists, and even his prolixity can aid those with less inventive minds by providing ample detail.
- He explains his decision to translate Ovid's work into prose rather than verse, believing a verse translation would lose too much of the original's beauty and be less comprehensible to artists lacking poetic principles.
- The author expresses his hope that impartial scholars will judge his efforts to clearly convey the original meaning.
Characters
The Narrator/Author
The narrator's physical description is not provided in the text. He is an intellectual, likely of a scholarly or literary background, and his appearance would reflect the typical attire and demeanor of a Spanish man of letters from the 18th or early 19th century.
Attire: Not explicitly described, but as a scholar and critic, he would likely wear formal, dark-colored attire typical of the Spanish Enlightenment or early Romantic period: a tailored coat (possibly a frock coat or redingote), waistcoat, breeches, stockings, and buckled shoes. Fabrics would be wool or linen, possibly with some silk for formal occasions.
Wants: To provide a clear, insightful, and practical analysis of Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' for artists and scholars, justifying his prose translation over a poetic one.
Flaw: Can be overly verbose and critical, sometimes to the point of being 'pesado' (heavy/tedious) himself, mirroring some of the flaws he attributes to Ovid.
The story is a prologue, so his arc is not fully developed, but he establishes himself as a thoughtful critic who aims to guide readers and artists.
Critical, discerning, opinionated, scholarly, meticulous, somewhat pedantic, but ultimately appreciative of art's utility.
Ovid
As described by the narrator, Ovid composed the 'Metamorphoses' in the 'fuego de su juventud' (fire of his youth), implying a vibrant, energetic individual. His physical appearance would reflect a Roman poet of the Augustan age, likely of a refined and somewhat aristocratic bearing. He would be of average height and build, with a lively and expressive face.
Attire: As a Roman poet, he would wear a toga over a tunic. The tunic would be made of fine linen or wool, possibly white or off-white. The toga, a large semi-circular woollen garment, would be draped elegantly over his body, signifying his status as a Roman citizen. For a young poet, it might be less formal than a senator's, but still well-made.
Wants: To tell ancient fables in a new, engaging, and fluid poetic style, to entertain and instruct, and to showcase his poetic skill.
Flaw: Redundancy, prolixity, inability to 'leave the brush from his hand,' leading to over-description and enervation of initial invention. He wrote in his youth, lacking the 'madurez' (maturity) that might have refined his work.
The story describes his work as a product of his youth, suggesting a potential for greater refinement had he been able to revise it later in life. His arc is presented as one of unbridled youthful genius.
Inventive, prolific, eloquent, imaginative, somewhat redundant, prone to excessive detail, passionate, youthful, unrefined in his youth.
The Favorite Muse of Ovid
As a Muse, she would embody ethereal beauty and grace. Her form would be light and flowing, perhaps with a luminous quality. She is depicted as having wings, from which a feather is plucked.
Attire: She would wear flowing, diaphanous classical Greek or Roman robes, possibly made of silk or fine linen, in soft, ethereal colors like white, pale blue, or gold. The fabric would appear to move with an unseen breeze.
Wants: To inspire Ovid and grant him the tools for his poetic creation.
Flaw: Not applicable, as she is a divine being and a symbol.
She appears briefly to provide Ovid with a symbolic tool for his writing.
Inspiring, benevolent, ethereal, a source of poetic genius.
Amor (Cupid)
Amor is the Roman god of love, typically depicted as a winged child or young boy. He is small, cherubic, and often mischievous, with delicate features.
Attire: Often depicted nude or with minimal drapery, such as a small sash or loincloth. His most prominent feature is his pair of wings.
Wants: To inspire love and passion, and in this context, to provide a symbolic tool for poetic creation.
Flaw: Not applicable, as he is a divine being and a symbol.
He is mentioned as the source of the feather, symbolizing the passion and love that inspires Ovid's work.
Playful, mischievous, associated with passion and inspiration.
Locations
The Poet's Study
An intimate, scholarly space where the poet reflects on Ovid's work, filled with books and writing implements. The atmosphere is one of deep contemplation and critical analysis.
Mood: Scholarly, reflective, critical, introspective
The narrator forms his critical judgment on Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' and discusses the role of mythology in art.
Imagined Artistic Workshop
A bustling, creative space where painters and sculptors bring mythological tales to life, inspired by Ovid. The air is filled with the scent of paint, clay, and stone dust.
Mood: Creative, industrious, inspiring, vibrant
This is where the practical application of Ovid's myths for artists is envisioned, showing how they symbolize abstract concepts through classical figures.
The Muses' Realm
A metaphorical, ethereal space where Ovid receives inspiration directly from his favorite Muse, depicted as a source of poetic fire and creativity.
Mood: Magical, inspiring, divine, ethereal
Ovid's youthful inspiration is personified, receiving a symbolic 'pen' from the Muse, representing the origin of his poetic vigor.